Out of the Blue:

Black Programs, Space Drones & the Unveiling of U.S. Military Offensives in Weather as a Weapon.

keith harmon snow

March, 2003

AUTHOR’s UPDATE—25 September 2006:

· Reader’s are encouraged to hold this writing in sharp contradistinction, but not contradiction, to the new Hollywood film, Al Gore’s An Inconvenient Truth; there are, indeed, some inconvenient truths at work here (Al Gore is merely seeking to be President);

· There are today bills before the US Congress—U.S. House Bill 2995 and U.S. Senate Bill 517—that will facilitate the “coming out” of Pentagon weather warfare technologies and operations.

*

Out of the Blue:

Black Programs, Space Drones & the Unveiling of U.S. Military Offensives in Weather as a Weapon.

1. The Fog Watch (Propaganda)!

2. Who Will Stop the Rain?

3. How to Wreck the Environment -- Devastation as Policy

4. We Take the Brain – Prelude to Stealth Deception & Death

5. Stealth, Deception & Death – Unmanned Aerospace Vehicles

6. May The Force Be With You!

7. Remote Sensing – Not So Remote

8. Academia – Science, Self-Deception and Denial

9. STRIKESTAR – Drones in Packs and Swarms

10. Angels Don’t Play This HAARP

11. Contrails – God Bless America!

12. The revolving Doors of Secrecy and Denial

13. Friends In High Places

14. The Business of Intellect & Influence

15. The Falsification of Consciousness

List of Acronyms & Agencies - 1

Agency Acronyms:

Ø AEC Atomic Energy Commission (later NRC)

Ø AFRL Air Force Research Laboratory

Ø AFOSR Air Force Office of Scientific Research

Ø ARL Army Research Laboratory

Ø ARO Army Research Office

Ø CIA Central Intelligence Agency

Ø DARPA Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency

Ø DIA Defense Intelligence Agency

Ø DOD U.S. Department of Defense

Ø DOE U.S. Department of Energy

Ø FAA Federal Aviation Administration

Ø JPL Jet Propulsion Laboratory

Ø MIRSL Microwave Remote Sensing Laboratory (U-Mass)

Ø INEL Idaho National Engineering Laboratory

Ø NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration

Ø NOAA National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

Ø NRC Nuclear Regulatory Commission

Ø NRL Naval Research Laboratory

Ø NRO National Reconnaissance Office

Ø NSF National Science Foundation

Ø ONI Office of Naval Intelligence

Ø ONR Office of Naval Research

Ø OSS Office of Strategic Services

Ø SPAWAR Space and Warfare Systems Command

Ø USDA U.S. Department of Agriculture

Ø USN U.S. Navy

Ø USAF U.S. Air Force

List of Acronyms & Agencies - 2

Technologies & Programs Acronyms:

Ø ARM Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (Program)

Ø C3 (C4) Command, Communications, Control (Computers)

Ø C4IST C4 + Intelligence, Surveillance and Tracking

Ø C4ISR C4 + Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance

Ø COMINT Communications Intelligence

Ø EHF Extra High Frequency

Ø ELINT Electronics Intelligence

Ø ENMOD Environmental Modification Programs

Ø ERAST Environmental Research Aircraft Sensors and Technology (Program)

Ø EW Electronic Warfare

Ø HAARP High frequency Active Aural Research Program

Ø MIUGS Micro-Internetted Unattended Ground Sensors

Ø SERDP Strategic Environment Research & Development Program

Ø SHEBA Surface Heat Budget of the Arctic Ocean (Project)

Ø SIGINT Signals Intelligence

Ø TUAV Tactical Unmanned Aerial vehicle

Ø UAV Unmanned Aerospace (or Aerial) Vehicle

Ø UCAV Unmanned Combat Air Vehicle

Ø UHF Ultra High Frequency

Picture a South American cartel of the mid-2090s. It maintains hundreds of fighter planes, thwarting attacks by launching a dozen Russian- and Chinese-made aircraft for every one of ours. Our sole advantage comes from a piece of military intelligence: Cartel pilots won”t fly in harsh weather. But this doesn”t mean waiting around for the skies to turn - because by then, thunderstorms will be made to order...

First we launch uninhabited aerospace vehicles (UAVs), which, through advanced cloud-generation technology, disseminate cirrus clouds to block enemy surveillance. Next we seed any one of the daily rain showers passing through the region, intensifying it precisely over the target. Then we snuff out our blinded enemy. [1]

Sound like a sci-fi thriller?

The above excerpt from the recent techno-yuppie cult magazine WIRED is designed to do just that – hence the projection of global insecurity into the distant 2090s and the ubiquitous specter of fear inculcated by reference to hoards of Chinese and Russian warplanes. In reality, however, it’s a waking nightmare: U.S. military offensives in weather warfare have already arrived.

Indeed, they have been here all along.

Adherents of weather warfare prefer to call it “environmental modification” – or ENMOD. The corporate media has reported almost nothing about these aerospace and defense programs, or the technologies involved. Thus do I open the discussion of the ENMOD arena by deconstructing recent “news” stories purportedly offering balanced coverage of an otherwise unreported story.

First note that the Internet abounds with conspiracy theories of all stripes about weather warfare, environmental modification and climatic mayhem. Numerous postings declare the climate instabilities we are already seeing to be the work of the antichrist or the New World Order – indeed in some cases they are one and the same -- and some of these web sites describe people legitimately concerned and vocal about climatic change as the agents of a “left-wing conspiracy” with a “communist agenda” ever “hostile to free enterprise.”

Buried beneath the volumes of imaginative but wholly fictitious conspiracies that gain wide circulation however, are the many legitimate secret programs orchestrated behind the darkness and denial of the military-industrial complex over the past five decades. Call these conspiracies if you like. The heart of this story – weather as a weapon – is certainly not one of them and, depending on how you look at it, this is certainly one of them. No matter the past, there is clearly something happening now.

Back to the future, we can say for certain that anyone who projects hypothetical scenarios as far in to the future as “the mid- 2090s” – as in the above article -- has not the least grasp of reality. The earth’s natural resources are disappearing. We are seeing gross ecological damage and profound industrial and nuclear pollution. Overpopulation in both industrialized and under-developed economies has already exceeded the limits of sustainability. Global climatic mayhem is here, and it is happening now. On top of all this is the permanent state of war perpetuated by multinational corporations and their agents in western governments. That is the point of this writing, it sets out to articulate this insanity, and, simultaneously, to properly situate the insanity of the organizations, corporations, agencies and individuals responsible for perpetuating the old, new global commodities of despair, terrorism and death.

1. The Fog Watch (Propaganda): [2]

Throughout April, 2002, Amherst College (MA) radio (WAMH) ran a series of public service announcements (PSAs) sponsored by a Christian church organization declaring the existence of weather modification technologies, and advocating that listeners contact the U.S. government to demand that these technologies be deployed to moderate the extreme weather and drought we are seeing. According to these PSAs, the government use of these existing technologies to mitigate hostile weather “is a fundamental right” of every U.S. citizen.[3]

On February 17, 2002, ABC News ran a very brief “news” clip titled “Weather As A Weapon?” The inquisitive title infers that this is some not-yet-certain possibility, contributing to the democratic ideal that supposes weather warfare might be something we – the public – ought to at least be thinking about, and possibly debating. ABC would never have run the story without some greater purpose than simply “to keep the public informed.” That is the expected role of ABC, in the “democratic” and “free” press that ABC purports to be part of.[4]

If not to serve as a news vehicle for genuine public service and education, as suggested, what then is the true purpose of the ABC news brief? This introduction focuses on the ABC article first, precisely because the purpose of this article (and others like it) is to help pave the way for public acceptance of military objectives by shaping the public mind a priori.

The ABC article describes the potential advantages of weather modification: seeding clouds, creating rain or tornadoes over hostiles forces, burning through fog to expose enemy aircraft:

Consider what might happen on some battlefield of the future where the U.S. military could gain a tactical advantage by changing the weather. There are several ways they might try to do that. One way would be to create rain that turns battlefields into mud baths in order to immobilize enemy troops and enemies. Another is by triggering lightning storms over airfields to keep hostile aircraft on the ground. Yet another possibility would be to burn through a heavy fog by firing lasers to give U.S. fighter pilots a better view of enemy targets. An Air Force research paper called “Owning the Weather in 2025” predicts that weather modification could reshape battlefields. [5]

Weather warfare, of course, is set in some amorphous future battlespace. There is ABC’s first deception. ABC draws attention to the Air Force document Owning the Weather in 2025. This is an unclassified document, accessible to the public, and this USAFdocument suggests that ENMOD research and development is all mere theory and speculation, indeed, science fiction.

Owning the Weather in 2025 appears on its face to reveal significant details about the nature of U.S. national security and defense capabilities. However, in the age of international terrorism, with the U.S. military and its multinational corporations and their media minions whipping up a frenzy about terrorists of all stripes, about anthrax scares and world trade massacres -- and with rapid information access and electronic exchange making such reports Internet available to the hoards of uncivilized information-seeking barbarians feared by the Pentagon -- we can be sure that this document shows us only what we are intended to see.

Owning the Weather in 2025 serves the greater purpose of exposing only what is efficacious to the military, to the intelligence apparatus, to the companies they are in league with, and to the compromised policymakers seeking public support – by any means -- for the military programs they are paid to peddle. That is ABC’s second deception: steering the news-consuming public toward an inversion of reality, a public relations document, officially sanctioned, released and posted by the military. ABC does not question the origins of this document, or why it has suddenly come into vogue.

ABC confirms that weather warfare is, at the very least, under development: in its closing paragraph, the article noted that substantial ongoing investments in research and development of ENMOD technologies have continued.

In the U.S. and in many other countries, the private sector continues to work on weather modification technology — work that could also be used on the battlefield. And as this research continues on, for example, cloud seeding techniques that produce heavy rain to help farmers in time of drought or laser technology that could clear heavy fog for passenger jets, the military is watching.[6]

To say that the military is “watching” is to lie outright. There is ABC’s third deception: as I will imminently show, the military has funded and sponsored these weather warfare technologies for over fifty years. ABC’s fourth deception is the suggestion that the private sector and the government defense sector are independent, that one does not wash the hands, or wipe the ass, of the other. Nothing could be further from the truth.

The fifth deception by ABC News is the suggestion that these life and earth destroying technologies – pursued with a scientific hubris that is psychotic and obscene -- will also serve peaceful uses. Indeed, given the industrial acceleration of climatic mayhem we can be sure that the public will be clamoring for these weather modification technologies -- to mitigate the domestic and regional cataclysms of climate instabilities. The further suggestion is that the transition of these technologies from commercial to military uses is an afterthought, rather than their raison d”etre. That is ABC’s sixth deception.

Naturally – or, rather, quite unnaturally -- weather modification tools will revive gardens of sunflowers and fields of wheat stricken by drought, and they will guide passenger jets full of innocent people (!) to safety. By implication, these weather modification technologies are essential to a functioning human society, they will never be used unjustly, and they are as [ostensibly] benign as atoms for peace [civilian nuclear weapons]. Such arguments about the ENMOD arena will increasingly proliferate, with great media fanfare, serving the intended purpose of manipulating the public mind, as information about ENMOD technologies is slowly and strategically transitioned out of the [classified] closet.

Indeed, the public has already paid billions of dollars to develop these technologies – a fact that ABC does not share -- so we might as well see them put to good use. Hiding the proliferation of public subsidies for weather warfare, or failing to question or investigate the DOD budget, at the very least, is ABC’s seventh deception.

The main purpose of the ABC article – and the WAMH public service announcement – is to introduce a new subject heretofore forbidden by the military and, its extension, the corporate media. These articles signal the beginnings of a propaganda campaign to habituate citizens to a happy, un-dissenting coexistence with weather warfare technology. That is ABC’s eighth deception.

The deeper purpose of the ABC “news” clip – the ninth deception -- is to garner support from U.S. citizens to withdraw from – to denounce, evade or trample on – an international treaty prohibiting ENMOD research and environmental warfare, signed by the U.S. in the 1970s. Thus does the bold and colorful subtitle, and the paragraph that follows, elucidate the central theme of the ABC article: “AGREEMENT BARS WEATHER MANIPULATION.”

But there is a problem turning theory into fact. Using weather as a weapon is a clear violation of international agreements. In 1977, the United Nations passed, and the U.S. signed, a resolution that prohibits changing the weather for hostile purposes on the grounds that too many civilians could be harmed. So the U.S. military, which once seeded clouds in Vietnam to produce heavy rains along the Ho Chi Minh trail, can now only concentrate on better weather forecasting. “We want to anticipate and exploit the weather, not modify it,” says U.S. Air Force Director of Weather Brig. Gen. Fred Lewis.

There may be a “problem turning theory into fact,” but there is certainly no problem turning fact into propaganda: some ENMOD technologies have been tested and, as reported elsewhere, used in battle already. It has been reported for example that weather warfare technologies cleared the skies to enable NATO carpet-bombing of Serbia – causing unprecedented, widespread, long-lasting droughts.[7] So there is ABC’s tenth deception.

In contradistinction to the suggestions by ABC News, we are not talking about merely seeding a few clouds. Here are the eleventh, twelfth and thirteenth deceptions: ABC News hides the scale, magnitude and lethal capabilities of ENMOD weaponry – technologies that may already be operational, but are certainly under development.

The United States is party to an arms control treaty known as the Convention on the Prohibition of Military or Other Hostile Use of Environmental Modification Techniques (ENMOD Treaty), ratified in 1978.[8] We do not know why the U.S. signed this treaty in 1977, but we can be at least 95 % certain that the Nixon/Ford administrations did not do so out of concern that “too many civilians could be harmed,” as reported in this ABC article. There is ABC’s fourteenth deception: ABC dutifully peddles the myth that the U.S. defense and intelligence apparatus is concerned about public health and welfare.

In the wake of the 1970s U.S. Senate Select Intelligence Committee hearings on covert actions (known as the Church Committee hearings), the broad spectrum of political assassinations, bloody coups, secret operations and technology developments deemed essential to the U.S. national security apparatus were driven underground in highly classified programs.[9]

Similarly, under a wave of devastating exposures about un-democratic US intelligence activities, and the Church Committee hearings, the U.S. DOD and the intelligence apparatus recognized that their secret programs and covert operations could only prevail given major but cosmetic changes promoting the “appearance” of termination, for one example, or promoting the independence of private sector laboratories and corporations, for another. Hence “front” companies were established, and, like numerous corporations already active in the various arenas, they were funded and tasked with maintaining the otherwise illegal, forbidden or secret programs and/or operations and/or activities. Just as the assassinations, coups and covert operations never stopped, the programs to develop weather warfare continued. This thesis is developed in details to follow.

Undoubtedly, the U.S. signed the 1977 ENMOD Treaty – in part -- for cosmetic purposes, and to further the disingenuous U.S. government posturing that pretends to care about truth, liberty, freedom, and the pursuit of happiness, at home and abroad. It is all smoke and mirrors. In fact, the United States resisted the ENMOD treaty to the bitter end, and refused to sign unless major provisions were deleted, or watered down, at the very least. (Such U.S. establishment behavior is commonplace today.) ABC’s fifteenth deception, then, comes in failing to investigate, or even mildly question, the disingenuous behavior of U.S. officials.

ABC quotes Air Force Director of Weather Brig. Gen. Fred Lewis. Choosing this person as the sole authority allowed to speak on the U.S. military’s weather warfare capabilities is ABC’s sixteenth deception. Brigadier Generals are credible enough, and this one utters some truth, and ABC does not question this truth. “We want to anticipate and exploit the weather, not modify it,” says U.S. Air Force Director of Weather Brig. Gen. Fred Lewis.

It is a curious statement, in the context it is in, because it is defensive at its core. It is a direct lie. Significant evidence suggests that somewhere in the national security apparatus – DOD (Department of Defense), DOE (Department of Energy), NSA (National Security Agency), CIA (Central Intelligence Agency), DIA (Defense Intelligence Agency) or deeper – there are ongoing, intensive programs in ENMOD (read: weather warfare) technologies.

And then there are all the corporate programs “fronting” for the military.

Indeed, the highly invisible U.S. National Reconnaissance Office (NRO) – a phantom agency born in the 1950s, declassified in 1992 – enmeshed with the National Security Agency (NSA) and Central Intelligence Agency -- might be the culprit: the NRO plans, builds and operates America’s spy satellites, and they specialize in intelligence-gathering and information warfare. A DOD agency, the NRO is staffed by DOD and CIA personnel; it is funded through the National Reconnaissance Program, part of the National Foreign Intelligence Program.[10]

As I will show, the entire subject of weather warfare revolves around “plausible deniability” and the capacity of elite decision makers to “plausibly deny” that such technologies exist (just as assassinations were not committed, coups were not fomented, massacres were not perpetrated, “disappeared” people were not disappeared). Because proof of secret operations is highly classified, hence invisible, the unverifiable accusations are answered with plausible denials and we are left to depend on the basic goodness and integrity of leaders -- whom are otherwise insane, and routinely lie through their teeth, while looking you straight in the eye.

The statement by Brig. General Fred Lewis is contradicted, in its most simple form, by the obvious fact that all branches of the U.S. military and security apparatus rely on sophisticated SIGINT (SIGnals INTelligence), COMINT (COMmunications INTelligence), EW (Electronic Warfare), C4ISR/T (Command, Control, Communications, Computers, Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance / Tracking) technologies whose entire mission and purpose can be, and often has been, compromised, neutralized or entirely defeated by hostile (but natural) weather conditions in the battlespace environment.[11]

Question: Would the defense establishment ignore technologies with the potential to decisively defeat the “no-win” military compromises and losses due to an unpredictable and cranky old mother nature?

Answer: They would not.

The statement by Brig. General Fred Lewis is further contradicted by the obvious military thrusts to develop capabilities that maximize stealth and, simultaneously, minimize risk to U.S. troops, and the propensity, again, well documented, to use clandestine operations premised, again, on “plausible denial.” In light of these major policy and field objectives, the existence of an entire spectrum or portfolio of ENMOD technologies is both plausible and certain. Said differently, it is irrational and unlikely and naïve and unreasonable to suppose the absence of these technologies given the grossly offensive actions that have been consistently demonstrated by the U.S. military, scientific and intelligence establishment over the past five decades.

Owning the Weather in 2025, advertised by ABC News, confirms the offensive interests the U.S. Air Force has in “owning and controlling” weather -- as a weapon. Numerous citations and references from the report itself reveal that military analysts and scientists have been working on weather modification issues in some capacities. (Projected ENMOD capabilities from the report are delineated in Table One.)

Owning The Weather in 2025 is but one chapter of the much larger report Air Force 2025, but ABC News did not report on that, nor did they explore the obvious evidence of the military’s comprehensive embracement of ENMOD technologies. That is ABC’s seventeenth deception. Air Force 2025 is a significant document. It outlines diverse technologies and strategies that the Air Force feels it must adopt to prevent the Air Force from ushering in its own extinction by 2025. The following excerpts from the Air Force 2025 shed some light on the intentions of the Air Force, and call into question the credibility of the statement -- “We want to anticipate and exploit the weather, not modify it” – by Air Force Director of Weather Brig. Gen. Fred Lewis:

2025 is a study designed to comply with a directive from the chief of staff of the Air Force to examine the concepts, capabilities, and technologies the United States will require to remain the dominant air and space force in the future. [12]

In 2025, uninhabited aerospace vehicles (UAV) are routinely used for weather modification operations… Prior to the attack, which is coordinated with forecasted weather conditions, the UAVs begin cloud generation and seeding operations. UAVs disperse a cirrus shield to deny enemy visual and infrared surveillance.

It [weather modification] would also include specific intervention tools and technologies, some of which already exist and others which must be developed. Some of these proposed tools are described in the following chapter titled Concept of Operations. The total weather-modification process would be a real-time loop of continuous, appropriate, measured interventions, and feedback capable of producing desired weather behavior.

If precipitation enhancement techniques are successfully developed and the right natural conditions also exist, we must also be able to disperse carbon dust into the desired location… Numerous dispersal techniques have already been studied, but the most convenient, safe, and cost-effective method discussed is the use of afterburner-type jet engines to generate carbon particles while flying through the targeted air. If this UAV technology were combined with stealth and carbon dust technologies, the result could be a UAV aircraft invisible to radar while en route to the targeted area, which could spontaneously create carbon dust in any location.

Recent army research lab experiments have demonstrated the feasibility of generating fog.[13]

It is important to note that many techniques to modify the upper atmosphere have been successfully demonstrated experimentally. Ground-based modification techniques employed [by the former Soviet Union] include vertical HF heating, oblique HF heating, microwave heating, and magnetospheric modification. Significant military applications of such operations include low frequency (LF) communication production, HF ducted communications, and creation of an artificial ionosphere. Moreover, developing countries also recognize the benefit of ionospheric modification: in the early 1980s, Brazil conducted an experiment to modify the ionosphere by chemical injection.

First note that this latter paragraph admits that both the U.S.S.R. and Brazil – the latter as recent as the 1980s – have performed ENMOD experiments on the earth’s ionosphere. This curious admission raises at least two questions to ponder prior to exploring the true U.S. involvement in the ENMOD arena: [1] Would the U.S. DOD stand idly by and twiddle their missiles while other nations develop potentially revolutionary lethal technologies that might be then used against the U.S.? And [2]: Were not the U.S.S.R. and Brazil’s ENMOD experiments in contravention of the International ENMOD treaty of 1977?

Air Force 2025, in theory, is a roadmap to the future. It closes with a passionate and glowingly patriotic section outlining the coming extinction of the Air Force, and, indeed, the entire United States itself, if critical technologies, environments, personnel and capabilities outlined in Air Force 2025 are not exploited absolutely. According to this summary, every freedom-loving American -- by default -- should enthusiastically and unquestioningly support the USAFagenda.

Of course, without any further qualification or investigation by ABC News, and fed by ABC only the simplest of ideas to ensure that they are digested by the public, the casual reader is unable to separate the truth from the lie. ABC’s eighteenth deception comes in allowing the lie to pass. Neither does ABC News balance the newly enshrined truth with any alternative views, or counter quotes, or dissenting opinions -- as if dissenters and their rationales did not exist at all. ABC has not reported on the proliferation of, or the dissenting scientific views on, or the risks of, these technologies – military or civilian. That is ABC News’ nineteenth deception.

Air Force 2025

Table One:

“Operational Capabilities Matrix”

DEGRADE ENEMY FORCES	ENHANCE FRIENDLY FORCES
Precipitation Enhancement	Precipitation Avoidance
- Flood Lines of Communication	- Maintain/Improve LOC
- Reduce PGM/Recce Effectiveness	- Maintain Visibility
- Decrease Comfort Level/Morale	- Maintain Comfort Level/Morale
Storm Enhancement	Storm Modification
- Deny Operations	- Choose Battlespace Environment
Precipitation Denial	Space Weather
- Deny Fresh Water	- Improve Communication Reliability
-- Induce Drought	- Intercept Enemy Transmissions
Space Weather	- Revitalize Space Assets
- Disrupt Communications/Radar	Fog and Cloud Generation
- Disable/Destroy Space Assets	- Increase Concealment
Fog and Cloud Removal	Fog and Cloud Removal
- Deny Concealment	- Maintain Airfield Operations
- Increase Vulnerability to PGM/Recce	- Enhance PGM Effectiveness
Detect Hostile Weather Activities	Defend against Enemy Capabilities

The ABC News “news” clip -- sympathetic to a military establishment ostensibly plagued by budget cuts and federal oversights and shackled by international legal treaties -- helps further the misinformation that the military, “which once seeded clouds in Vietnam to produce heavy rains along the Ho Chi Minh Trail, can now only concentrate on better weather forecasting.” There is ABC’s twentieth deception – the unfortunate U.S. military, its hands tied, “can now only concentrate on better weather forecasting.” Here we find a common media ploy: to help generate sympathy for a military and intelligence apparatus ostensibly shackled by its own government and people – in sharp contradistinction to egregious, brutal, comprehensive U.S. military force and violence wielded with secrecy and impunity, around the globe, with a budget that is obscene.

For their twenty-first deception, ABC News has casually introduced the idea that, well, by the way, weather warfare has been used before, in Vietnam. This occurred under a top secret national security pilot program called Project Popeye, and it was just one of many covert and overt ENMOD programs pursued in the 1960s and 1970s by the United States.[14]

However, the U.S. ENMOD operations in Vietnam are totally unappreciated, and unheard of, primarily because they have been little reported – if reported at all -- by the corporate U.S. media. The CIA, FBI and other “national security” institutions regularly utilize this same propaganda ruse to deflect attention from secret operations, torture and state-legitimized terrorism. The method is simple: begin circulating previously unreported facts to lay the groundwork for public acceptance, and then, if and when challenged, shrug the information off as “old news” that is “common public knowledge.” In any event -- we are always assured -- the institution in question (CIA) has long since reformed.[15]

To close this deconstruction of the ABC News article, and assess as accurately as possible the state of the art in weather weaponry, consider that in the interest of deploying weather warfare capabilities – under the same Nixon/Ford administration which signed the ENMOD treaty in 1977 -- unspecified substances were introduced into the troposphere over enemy territory during the Vietnam era, in order to render enemy radars inoperable. The results of those efforts were never made public.[16]

“What is the possibility of developing this capability [enhancing or suppressing precipitation] and applying it to tactical operations by 2025?” asks the Air Force 2025 document.

“Closer than you might think,” the document answers.

It is a very auspicious admission.

2. Who Will Stop the Rain?

There is a long and well-detailed history of efforts to control and modify the weather. The U.S. government’s first ENMOD efforts occurred from 1890 to 1892, with a $10,000 research budget allocated to the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA).[17]

As early as the late 1940s Dr. Wilhelm Reich was developing weather modification techniques at his Orgonon Research Center in Rangeley, Maine. Reich openly shared his findings with the U.S. Department of Defense, but while Reich apparently believed that the enemy of his enemy, Nazi Germany, was his friend, he was unaware that he was being targeted as a subversive for his pioneering futuristic work in numerous fields, weather modification included. (The U.S. Food and Drug Administration imprisoned Reich in 1954 for a minor interstate transportation infraction committed by an employee: Reich died in federal prison in 1957.)

Under the U.S. DOD Project Cirrus, on October 13, 1947 pioneering ENMOD scientist Dr. Irving Langmuir of General Electric Research Labs, Schenectady, NY, seeded a hurricane by dropping some 200 pounds of dry ice into it from above. The hurricane abruptly changed course, for whatever reason. Seeding of natural clouds with silver iodide was first tried on December 21, 1948, by GE Schenectady Labs researcher Bernard Vonnegut. [18]

GE’s Dr. Irving Langmuir was soon testing a commercial cloud seeder in Honduras, in cooperation with the highly repressive United Fruit Company.[19] United Fruit was a Rockefeller enterprise with close ties to the CIA, and Honduras was one of its Banana Republics.[20] Setting the precedent for coming military efforts to downplay ENMOD successes, hide promising results, and deny information about ENMOD programs to the newly manufactured Red Menace of the cold warrior imagination, the U.S. government, with the help of GE lawyers, downplayed Dr. Langmuir’s findings. His Project Cirrus report was initially classified, to his consternation, and when the report was finally released to the scientific community, it contained a highly skeptical assessment by a panel of “experts,” hand-picked by the DOD, who suggested that Langmuir’s experiments were inconclusive, at best, that his science did not meet acceptable standards.[21]

While publicly downplaying any conclusive evidence of ENMOD capabilities, however, the U.S. government embarked on a massive program of research and development. The liberal government funding, coupled with the explosion of ideas and research proposals, led to competing government agencies and overlapping programs.

The U.S. Navy and Air Force conducted numerous and systematic cloud seeding experiments from 1948 to 1950 and these demonstrated the initial promise of the ENMOD arena.[22] From 1951-1953 they conducted the Artificial Cloud Nucleation Project (AEN), a large-scale project in southwestern Washington. By the early 1950s, some 10% of the entire land area of the U.S. was under commercial cloud-seeding operations, with some $3-5 million being expended annually. Public utilities like Pacific Gas and Electric (PG&E) and the Southern California Edison Co. maintained extensive programs throughout the 1950s and 1960s.[23]

By 1952 the White House had a special adviser on weather modification. President Eisenhower created the U.S. Advisory Committee on Weather Control in 1953. Captain Howard T. Orville (USN, Ret.) was appointed chairman of what became known as “The Orville Committee.” Orville had been on the steering committee of (Dr. Irving Langmuir’s) Project Cirrus, and his appointment was de facto confirmation of the success of Project Cirrus.[24]

As early as 1953, Herbert Appleman of the U.S. Air Weather Service noted that contrails – condensation trails -- formed by water vapor and other gaseous exhausts exiting the tailpipe of a jet engine can lead to cloud formation which may persist and spread out. Silver iodide generators mounted on airplanes took cloud seeding to new heights; unique but similar seeding results were attained after researchers at the Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) used carbon (black) dust dispersed by planes. The carbon black dust method, dispersed by jet after-burners, is the same one suggested as one of the future tactical weapons of the future ENMOD arena. Recall, as noted in one of the AirForce 2025 excerpts included above:

Numerous dispersal techniques have already been studied, but the most convenient, safe, and cost-effective method discussed is the use of afterburner-type jet engines to generate carbon particles while flying through the targeted air. If this UAV technology were combined with stealth and carbon dust technologies, the result could be a UAV aircraft invisible to radar while en route to the targeted area, which could spontaneously create carbon dust in any location.

Commercial crop-duster pilots had previously been hired to seed with carbon black dust for the Air Force -- in the 1950s.[25] The Air Force has not failed to notice that the ‘solar absorption potential” of carbon black dust makes it an expeditious choice “to enhance rainfall on the mesoscale [atmospheric], generate cirrus clouds, and enhance cumulonimbus (thunderstorm) clouds in otherwise dry areas.”[26]

In 1953 and 1954, scientists at New York University seeded nineteen cyclones.[27] In 1957 the President’s Advisory Committee on Weather Control explicitly recognized the military potential of weather modification, warning in their report that it could become a more important weapon than the atom bomb.[28] In 1958 the Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) was conducting cloud dissipation experiments in Georgia. Cloud seeding became a routine operation for United Air Lines (UAL) planes in the 1960s.[29] In 1959, the U.S. Congress established the Interdepartmental Committee for Atmospheric Sciences, a centralized command for ENMOD programs.

Project Corona is an exemplary model of a secret program that persisted in total blackout for decades. Born in 1956 under CIA Clandestine Services chief Richard Bissell (CIA director from1965),[30] Project Corona, the first major U.S. satellite reconnaissance program, involving scores of satellite launches, was not declassified until 1992. Corona was a CIA/DOD collaboration involving top brass under the highest national security classifications.

Under Project Skyfire in 1960 and 1961 the US Army pursued lighting suppression through experiments where millions of tiny metallic needles were released to ‘seed” clouds. (These bits of foil are actually tiny dipoles whose ends are oppositely charged.) The dispersal of electronic chaff is today a major element in airborne missile evasion countermeasures, where the electronic tracking devices on an inbound missile are “fooled” by the chaff “decoy” materials launched by the pilot under attack. The U.S. Army Atmospheric Sciences Laboratory at Fort Monmouth, N.J., explored the potential of using chaff to pull the teeth of a thunderstorm.[31] Project Skyfire scientists launched rockets to “trigger” lightning discharges.

Project WhiteTop seeded clouds in Missouri throughout the 1960s.

Aimed at steering and/or modifying tropical hurricanes, the U.S. DOD’s Project Stormfury (1961-1983) undertook “massive seeding” operations, using state-of-the-art airborne radars, during hurricanes Ester (1961) and Beulah (1963). Refinement and coordination of RADAR and computing technologies brought increasing use of remote sensing to the ENMOD arena and from the early 1960s onward, the field, and the research and development successes, expanded exponentially. Stormfury deployed eight Navy jets, with multiple radars, and three weather Bureau planes. Stormfury scientists delivered seeding agents with rockets and with variations of the LW-83 high silver iodide pyrotechnic flare developed by the Naval Weapons Center, China Lake, CA.[32]

In the summer of 1964, HydroQuebec used silver iodide generators to try to raise the levels of its reservoirs: it rained for three weeks, leading scientists to comment that, “the success of the operation exceeded the wildest dreams of the cloud-seeding force.” [33] In 1966, scientists from the USAF Cambridge Research Labs developed a “cloudbuster” – the same name assigned to an apparatus developed by Wilhelm Reich at Orgonon (ME) over 15 years earlier – which seeded clouds by plane with CO2. In 1966, Project Hailswath involved 14 research groups in hail suppression; meanwhile the U.S. DOD research on dissipation of cold fog had moved into operational use by the Army and Air Force.[34]

In 1966 the Federal Government spent about $7.3 million in ENMOD projects with eight agencies (NSF; FAA; NASA; Departments of Commerce, Defense, Interior, and Agriculture). The efforts encompassed: precipitation modification; hail suppression; fog and cloud dissipation; lighting modification; severe storm modification, and “other.” The Defense Advanced Projects Research Agency (DARPA) has been a key player in both openly funded and more secretive ENMOD related research.

Major research efforts in tornado modification; hurricane steering and cyclone manipulation were sponsored by the Office of Naval Research.[35] In sections below we will see that ONR and NASA are two of the many agencies that today fund major ENMOD research efforts, ostensibly, again, for civilian purposes – meaning research into atmospheric modeling for weather prediction, not modification or control. It might, then, be propitious to ask at this point if we are to believe that some gap occurred, where decades of major ENMOD efforts of these and other agencies were abandoned or curtailed after the U.S. signed the ENMOD treaty in 1977.

Total expenditures for ENMOD operations reached some $9 million in the fiscal year 1967 budget – this for the quantifiable, publicly visible, non-black programs alone.

The secretive right-wing RAND Corporation think-tank secured numerous major initiatives in ENMOD development throughout the 1960s, all commissioned and supported by the U.S. government. The National Science Foundation in 1962 commissioned the RAND Corporation with a major study in weather modification; RAND won another major contract in 1964.[36]

RAND’s Project Air Force (PAF) has been an exclusive Air Force/RAND partnership for 57 years. Originally known as Project RAND (an acronym for research and development), PAF was established in 1946. RAND’s ‘special status facilitates stable USAF support over an extended period of years as well as in-the-family access by the research staff to relevant Air Force information and management personnel.” Indeed, RAND is very much the deep inside. 

Recently declassified documents, for example, show that RAND helped guide the infant U.S. space satellite programs into their intelligence maturity.[37] A search of publicly available RAND publications from their own web site archive turns up only three documents on ENMOD, each from 1969 or 1970, on fog suppression, rainmaking in Israel, and weather modification. The abstract for the latter publication states:

A discussion emphasizing the importance of understanding the atmospheric environment in depth is a prime requisite for weather modification. Largely by the impetus of Langmuir’s research on the use of ice crystals in precipitation studies, the public has shown interest in “rainmaking” and cloud seeding activities during the past two decades. In the early 1960s two major research documents pointed the way to the use of computers for numerically modeling the atmosphere. With the space age, essentially simultaneous observation of atmospheric parameters has been possible on a global level. More important, perhaps, is that these studies point out the danger that exists in attempts to modify large-scale weather phenomena without sufficient understanding of the possible results. [38]

But while RAND generated wads of research on satellite technology interests and weather modification, much of this remains highly classified. Bibliographies from existing books on weather modification programs in the 1960s and 1970s list hundreds of reports, papers and books on ENMOD related research: one bibliography lists numerous RAND studies, which RAND’s own on-line library does not today call up. Is this an accident of electronic filing? Why did RAND both seemingly stop its involvement in ENMOD research and, apparently, relegate some of its own early studies to the oblivion of inaccessibility?

The answer may lie in the greater questions: Did all ENMOD research and development come to dead stop in acquiescence to the U.S. having signed the 1977 ENMOD treaty – as military spokesman and the media would have us believe? Or has ENMOD research proceeded in secret, off the public record, and/or by corporations that front for the military-intelligence matrix?

As ENMOD operations proliferated in the 1960s and 1970s, the government and its army of ENMOD researchers faced major emerging public policy issues. Increasing ENMOD operations led to more and more questions and concerns by the public, and, in some cases, interstate legal challenges to the U.S. or state governments.

As one report noted:

Experience has shown that although most attempts to modify the weather go unnoticed, the coincidence of an abnormal weather event, such as a flood or prolonged period of rainfall, with an attempt at weather modification tends to raise a public outcry against such activity. Lengthy scientific explanations of the lack of association between the two events prove to be of no avail. Much remains to be done to determine how people perceive the weather, what their attitudes are toward weather modification, and what role information appears to play in conditioning such attitudes. [39]

The report’s attention to “conditioning such attitudes” is an unveiled reference to the need for persuasive propaganda or, in more contemporary language, perception management. The hubris of the scientific community and policy establishment shines here, in admission of the basic institutional premise that “we know best what the public needs” and, therefore, we just need to figure out what conditioning is required, and then “we can tell them.”

At the same time, the policy establishment, in its own ranks, continued to formulate more stringent questions about ENMOD oversight and control: officials questioned whether decisions about modifying major storms should be undertaken by operating agencies, or whether they belonged in the hands of the Executive Branch, under the control of the President and his executive advisors. But the growing sociological, legal and oversight issues notwithstanding, the ENMOD establishment continued to openly press its aggressive scientific agenda. (The extent to which additional programs proceeded in secret is, obviously, unknown.)

In 1967 the U.S. Senate passed the “Magnusson Bill” (S373) authorizing the Secretary of Commerce to accelerate programs of applied research, development and experimentation in weather and climate modification. The bill allocated $12 million, $30 million and $40 million over the next three years.[40] They projected expenditures of some $149 million annually by 1970. By FY 1973 there were over 700 degreed scientists and engineers in the U.S. whose major occupation was weather modification.[41]

Project Stormfury in 1969 seeded hurricane Debbie five times on August 18^th and 20^th, and the results “were so encouraging that a greatly expanded research program was planned.” The project involved NOAA, USAF, USN, U.S. Army and the Department of Commerce. Hurricane Ginger was seeded in 1971.[42] Other major tropical storms were also targeted, and programs waited for opportunities for ENMOD experiments on hurricanes, but, not ironically, mother nature did not immediately cooperate in providing candidate storms.

Radio controlled “drones” (remotely piloted vehicles) were already being tested for their potential to penetrate severe storms and other high turbulence areas.[43] Satellites were designed for weather modification experiments where “their operational use is of the utmost value in modification efforts when in stationary orbit.” Satellites were deployed to describe the “mesoscale in relation to global weather by observing cloud activity and motions.” Satellites sounded throughout the atmosphere’s depth using infrared and microwave remote sounding [sensing] techniques.[44]

Wrote one researcher, echoing the opportunities enabled by rapid advances in state-of-the-art instrumentation and understanding in the 1970s:

As the technologies develop and achieve the range and resolution required for our efforts in weather modification, remote sensing techniques should place our research on a whole new frontier. [45]

Indeed, four or five key areas or “turnkey” technologies were identified for the realization of military ENMOD capabilities, and major funding and research attention was subsequently focused on them. The development of pivotal “turnkey” technologies – which continue to dictate the state-of-the-art in ENMOD capacity – revolved around advances in:

1. instrumentation (radars, lidars, FOPAIRS, remote-sensing technologies);
2. aerospace delivery platforms (UAVs, satellites, missiles);
3. sensing platforms (UAVs, satellites, missiles, ground systems, submarines);
4. compact computers and supercomputers;
5. algorithms, data analyses, simulation and modeling tools;
6. chaos theory.

The advent of solid-state electronic devices led to miniaturization of systems and components, and the exponential advances in computer technologies. While radars and remote sensing technologies themselves came of age, the platforms that enabled their manned and unmanned deployment – especially in remote environments like deep space, severe storms and deep ocean – matured rapidly and were both covertly and overtly transitioned into operational use.

Supercomputers like the Cray evolved generation after generation until their capacity provided for phenomenal rates of data collection and assessment, while advanced languages, algorithms and modeling programs were refined -- not specifically, but certainly available and adapted -- for ENMOD applications. Multiple and improved tests led to verification of computer models, while the advanced technologies and platforms predicted and confirmed ever more accurate conditions of state: severe storms models proliferated, and they were fine tuned and modified to better and more accurately predict and characterize weather events like tornadoes, hurricanes and cyclones.

Because the earth’s atmosphere and climate (and, hence, severe weather events) revolves around wind and ocean currents, turbulence, condensation, energy budgets and heat transfer, the entire system, and its hemispheric and regional microclimates, are dictated by non-linear processes. That is where an understanding of chaos theory becomes critical. Computers have provided significant insight into chaos theory -- they are essential to modeling of non-linear processes -- and one of the fundamental requirements for understanding non-linear behavior revolves around a complete and accurate assessment of the initial conditions of the equations of state (pressure, temperature, moisture content, wind speed vector), and the boundary conditions within and between states. Radars were used to determine which parts of clouds should be seeded, and to assess the results of the seeding itself.

Critical as well, was the capacity to analyze and compare modified versus unmodified weather systems. (Enter the University of Massachusetts MIRSL labs, and the military’s attention to the ostensibly “benign” but otherwise critical determinants of data collection, state-of-the-art radars, and remote sensing technologies – all to be discussed in detail below.) “Models have provided virtually priceless criteria for launching and evaluating seeding missions.” [46]

By the late 1970s it became obvious to some researchers that ENMOD operations might one day determine the atmospheric conditions over entire hemispheres and that these, in turn, through feedback mechanisms and “teleconnections” of the global climate system – would influence and dictate weather patterns elsewhere. Attention shifted to understanding the global energy budgets, and a major focus fell on the “triggers” of instability found in specific cloud systems. Satellites were focused on understanding simultaneous “hot towers” around the globe – a task that could now be systematically accomplished through remote sensing from space-based microwave and millimeter-wave radar platforms.

These “hot-towers” were the cumulus clouds, the “cylinders of the global heat engine,” and a “crucial part of the global heat pump:”

Other teleconnections between local triggers and hemispheric circulation adjustments are becoming subjects of serious investigation.

Results of full-scale experimentation [hurricane research] to date warrant some optimism that a storm-sized system may be markedly changed by means of cumulus modification.

Another promising but untried area lies in the “explosive” deepening of middle latitude oceanic cyclones. An important factor in the deepening process appears to be sea-air heat-flux, coupled with increasingly tall cumulus connection.

[Cumulus clouds] raise and covert energy at a rate nearly one million times that of all human power consumption in the world… their rapid deepening can trigger a major readjustment in wind pattern around a whole hemisphere.

Extended time and space effects of cloud modification need not be confined to rainfall, but could affect radiation budgets, energy budgets, momentum transports, boundary layer processes, severe weather manifestations, wind circulation patterns, and etc.

If the seedability in some potential deepening situations were to prove adequate, the explosive development of the storm could possibly be induced artificially. But why would anyone wish to consider such an experiment? The reason is that the explosive deepening of marine cyclones, particularly in the Gulf of Alaska, has been found to trigger major changes in the entire wind circulation pattern over the whole northern hemisphere.

Massive modification of equatorial cumuli might one day change the weather over middle America.[47]

About the same time that attention was drawn to developing the enabling technologies noted above, the National Academy of Sciences identified four problem areas for sustained ENMOD research and investments:

• Modification of clouds and storm systems
• Modification of large-scale weather and climate
• Modification of local and regional climates
• Inadvertent modification of the atmosphere

By this time however (circa 1971) the U.S. government viewed ENMOD research as having transitioned from the “basic research” stage to the “operational” stage. Experiments were occurring – or had occurred -- in 22 countries, including Argentina, Australia, Canada, Iran, Israel, Kenya, Italy, France, South Africa, Congo and the U.S.S.R. Airborne seeding programs were undertaken to combat drought in the Philippine Islands, Okinawa, Africa and Texas.[48] Fog clearing was a standard operation at airports; hailstorm abatement was successful in several parts of the world; forest fire control was being carried out operationally in Alaska; watershed seeding was widely practiced; lake storm snow redistribution was under extensive investigation.[49]

From 1971-1976 the Desert Research Institute at the University of Nevada ran the National Hail Research Experiment.

Project Stormfury continued. In 1974 the U.S. DOD dictated that Stormfury researchers conduct “more field experiments on tropical cyclones at every opportunity.” [50] In 1976, U.S. government officials outlined 50 experimental projects and 20 actual pilot programs costing upwards of $100 million over the next eight years.[51]

It was an explosive subject, up the 1970s but, after 1977, ENMOD interest seemed to disappear almost overnight. In other words, after decades of intense research and development, after billions of dollars of investment, after major institutions and governmental bodies were created and charged with oversight of ENMOD and its many peripheral issues, and after the entire reorganization of the U.S. Government to channel and guide and map out the future of this new and promising military and civilian “technology” – said to be more important than the atom bomb -- everything stopped.

Or did it?

It was as if a huge curtain fell over the subject as all research, all institutional interests, huge salaries and thousands of jobs – vanished. And the mass media stopped reporting anything and everything as if struck by plague. That – sudden and total silence -- is perhaps the most telling and suspicious indication of the secrecy and denial that the ENMOD arena was shackled with. Today, 2003, it is almost as if it never happened.

If man can modify the weather, he will obviously modify it for military purposes. It is no coincidence that the U.S. Army, Navy, Air Force and Signal Corps have been deeply involved in weather modification research and development. Weather is a weapon, and the general who has control over the weather is in control of an opponent less well armed… The idea of clobbering an enemy with a blizzard, or starving him with an artificial drought still sounds like science fiction. But so did talk of atom bombs before 1945. [52]

So wrote author Daniel S. Halacy Jr., in his book, The Weather Changers, published in 1968.

3. How to Wreck the Environment… Devastation as Government Policy

In 1968, Professor Gordon J.F. McDonald, a member of President Lyndon Johnson’s Science Advisory Committee, elaborated in great detail on the state-of-the-knowledge weather modification technologies in a book chapter called “How To Wreck the Environment.”

“The key to geophysical warfare,” McDonald wrote, “is the identification of the environmental instabilities to which the addition of a small amount of energy would release vastly greater amounts of energy.” [53]

McDonald described large field programs on weather modification, and he elaborates on the scientific knowledge and the capacity for the military to hide ENMOD operations behind environmental chaos. This raises questions about whether the military has facilitated climatic mayhem – no matter the active or passive means -- to provide a permanent shield behind which to secretly operate. Blocking and stalling on climate treaties is one such means. Certainly, if the military-science-industrial juggernaut is operating on the premise that “we can control tomorrow the adverse weather we create today” it is reasonable, and perhaps even necessary, to believe that that is exactly what has happened.

McDonald bemoans the potential to mask offensive ENMOD operations under nature’s irregularities, where an “operation could be concealed by the statistical irregularity of the atmosphere… A nation possessing superior technology in environmental manipulation could damage an adversary without revealing its intent.” [54]

McDonald’s detailed discussions of manipulating Antarctica’s ice sheets raise questions about the possible military / scientific role in promoting the recent substantial Antarctic ice shelf fractures and the unprecedented shattering of icebergs, heretofore scientifically unknown.[55] While the mean annual rise in global temperatures might be the cause, one could imagine that Very Low Frequency (VLF) waves propagated by submarines or other high-energy transmitters might be responsible. The U.S. Navy is certainly capable of irresponsible high-energy submarine testing: the U.S. Navy recently confirmed, for example, that high-energy, low-frequency sonar experiments have killed humpback whales.[56]

Another possibility is that downscaled thermonuclear devices have been tested in remote ice core experiments in Antarctica: McDonald addresses this potential scenario. Curiously, the military, since the World Trade center attacks, has stepped up its public relations campaign focused on the supposed necessity of detonating small-scale thermonuclear devices. It is not unlikely that high-energy and directed-energy weapons -- nuclear or otherwise – are being sporadically tested beyond public or institutional oversight. Indeed, as we will see below, it appears that high-energy weapons have already been developed and tested under the High-frequency Active Aural Research Program (HAARP).

Polar missions remain shrouded under programs ostensibly dedicated to research in “atmospheric monitoring” and “global climate change.” However, we should certainly question the involvement of major military industrial corporations, such as Raytheon Polar Services Co. (RPSC), contracted by the National Science Foundation to run all U.S. Antarctic bases under the United States Antarctic Program, in alignment with Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. The McMurdo Research Station alone is home to over 750 researchers and support personnel.

World renowned scientist Dr. Rosalie Bertell today confirms that “US military scientists ... are working on weather systems as a potential weapon. The methods include the enhancing of storms and the diverting of vapor-rivers in the Earth’s atmosphere to produce targeted droughts or floods.” [57] As noted in Air Force 2025, “recent army research lab experiments have demonstrated the feasibility of generating fog.” [58] Similarly, research has been conducted in precipitation modification for decades.[59]

Former French military officer Marc Filterman outlines several types of contemporary “unconventional weapons” using radio frequencies. He refers to “weather war,” indicating that the U.S. and the Soviet Union had already “mastered the know-how needed to unleash sudden climate changes (hurricanes, drought) in the early 1980s.” These technologies make it “possible to trigger atmospheric disturbances by using Extremely Low Frequency (ELF) radar [waves].” [60]

In Benign Weather Modification, published March 1997, Air Force Major Barry B. Coble superficially documents the existence of weather modification science – here is the curious phenomenon of unclassified revelations once again -- and he traces the developments that have occurred, notably, in the hands of the Pentagon and CIA’s staunchest ideological enemies:

“The first scientifically controlled and monitored effort generally recognized by the meteorological community as constituting weather modification occurred in 1948,” he writes, “when Dr. Irving Langmuir first experimented with artificially seeding clouds in order to produce rain. His experiments showed positive results, sparking tremendous interest in the field nearly overnight.[61]

Many countries throughout the world practice weather modification. The Russians have long been interested in using weather modification as a way to control hail.[62] The Chinese recognize the value of weather modification and believe, incorrectly, that the US military continues to use weather as a weapon.[63]

However, there is little available evidence showing active efforts by other countries to use weather modification for military use. The US military, especially the Air Force, is considered the preeminent world leader in technology and its applications in the battle space. Since the late 1970s, the Air Force has “backed away” from pursuing weather modification technology even though the scientific understanding and the technological capability have evolved, albeit slowly, over time. It is a well-known fact that weather affects the battle space, contributing to the “fog of war.” New developments in the field of weather modification may help eliminate some of this "fog" and turn weather into a force multiplier.[64]

Are we to believe that the U.S. national security apparatus ceased all weather modification research even as the ever hostile and encircling communist RED enemies pursued this research emphatically? Apparently so: Coble elaborates on the absence of any U.S. military role in weather modification developments.

DOD funding for weather modification research peaked at $2.8 million in 1977. Funding was eliminated in 1979. Since then there has been no active research effort into weather modification by DOD. The Air Force spends no money on research, and there is no effort to monitor civilian research, applications and advancements. The Army’s program, “Owning the Weather for the Battlefield,” deals only with incorporating weather information into the digitized battlefield of the future. Efforts to modify the weather for battle are not being pursued.[65]

After this rather auspicious paragraph denying any USAF or DOD interest or involvement in ENMOD technologies, Coble goes on and eventually identifies existing “benign weather modification” technologies under development. He specifically notes at one point that government research in benign weather modification, which in the beginning he adamantly denied, continues:

Each of these weather modification types has commercial applications, and several companies exist to practice these types of Benign Weather Modification. US government-sponsored BWM research, however, is on the decline. Annual government funding (both state and federal) peaked in FY77 at $19 million. In 1992 the funding level fell to $5 million.[66]

What are we to make of these contradictory statements? Plausible denial? The author earlier emphatically rejected all military development of ENMOD technologies whatsoever. This rejection came in the statements: ‘since [1979] there has been no active research effort into weather modification by DOD;” and “The Air Force spends no money on research, and there is no effort to monitor civilian research, applications and advancements.” The author has led us through a maze of contradictions. There is ongoing development, it is outlined to some extent in this unclassified report, and in 1992 the annual government funding level fell to $5 million! Naturally, as we are always reminded by the military, the funding is on the decline.

What kind of funding occurred from 1979 to 1992? What kind of funding occurred, and occurs now, under the darkest and most secretive “black” programs of the U.S. national security apparatus?

Now, perhaps this is the appropriate place to define exactly what is meant by “black” project. Black projects operate outside normal budgetary, directional and oversight channels. According to John Pike and Steven Aftergood of the Federation of Atomic Scientists, speaking on black aircraft programs:

Wasteful, dangerous, or highly speculative [black aircraft] programs will have a much better chance of being funded by congress if they are highly classified… [but this] inhibits the oversight process and it puts these programs outside the sphere of democratic activity. [67]

Pike and Aftergood calculated that up to $15 billion may have been spent on the secret – and some say non-existent – Aurora program (see below). Other estimates put the “black” aircraft budget (alone) at $14.3 billion annually.[68] The annual figure may actually be much higher.

E-Systems is one of the biggest intelligence contractors in the world -- doing work for the CIA, defense intelligence organizations and others -- and $1.8 billion of their annual sales are to these organizations, with $800 million for black projects -- projects so secret that even the United States Congress isn”t told how the money is being spent.[69] E-Systems, it turns out, is involved in the HAARP program (see below).

Another curious but oblique potential admission of the existence of these ENMOD weapons technologies can be found in Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Instruction. In this 1998 Air Force document delineating the chain-of-command policies on “Meteorological and Oceanographic Operations,” the Air Force states:

“The United States occasionally receives requests for assistance with weather modification operations in foreign nations, some of which are proposed initially to U.S. military commands or agencies located in those nations. In the event foreign nations or international organizations request assistance with weather modifications, they should be informed to forward their request through diplomatic channels to the Department of State. No encouragement or commitment should be indicated by the receiving military organization.” [70]

Are the governments or intelligence networks of other countries informed about U.S. ENMOD capabilities? (Given that the United States has installed many third world governments, with U.S. military trained personnel, it is highly likely.) What has brought these requests about? Is there anything suspect about a statement that declares: “No encouragement or commitment should be indicated…?” Is it merely anecdotal that the Department of Defense is providing guidance as recent as 1998 on what to do if countries request U.S. assistance on weather modification operations?

In a paper entitled ‘systems Considerations of Weather Modification Experiments Using High Power Electromagnetic Radiation,” presented at EXPLOSPACE Workshop on Space Exploration and Resource Exploitation, in 1998, author and DOD deep insider Dr. Bernard Eastland directly confirms that military ENMOD pursuits occurred after 1977.

In the mid-1980s the author studied antennas producing up to 10¹² watts using natural gas on the North Slope of Alaska for Atlantic Richfield Corp. [ARCO] and the Department of Defense for military applications in the ionosphere… Because of the similarity between the proposed antenna power and the energy turnover of some typical storm systems, applications for weather modification in the troposphere were proposed. [71]

As I will definitively show, the military directives addressed above appear to be designed to help maintain the highest levels of secrecy and security around ENMOD capabilities – a.k.a. devastating weather weaponry, which are very real (as the above cited research confirms) and, it would seem, available for select allied deployments or missions as determined at the highest levels of the U.S. State Department -- or the shadow warriors behind it. Having established that some discrepancy exists between public statements made by military officials, that weather as a weapon has been promoted in certain media venues, and that military programs have occurred at some levels, I will now provide further definitive evidence, examples and deep discussion of ongoing ENMOD realities.

4. We Take the Brain – Prelude to Stealth, Deception and Death

Modern aerospace programs and technologies had their genesis in the secret aerospace programs of the Nazi-American war machine.[72] Thus is it necessary to briefly revision the popular (limited) understanding of events that transpired at the end of World War II.

On April 12, 1945, having crushed the last bastion of Nazi military resistance, U.S. forces under General Dwight D. Eisenhower secured Thuringia, the heart of the Nazi secret weapons research and development programs in Germany. Eisenhower led the charge to transfer superior and futuristic Nazi weapons technologies to the United States before the weapons facilities were turned over the allied invading Soviet army on July 4, 1945. The Soviets, of course, drew the iron curtain over Thuringia and Eastern Germany for the next 43 years (to 1989).

General Eisenhower personally oversaw the removal of futuristic aerospace “assets,” including the Fi 103 “flying bomb” (propaganda name “V1”), the A4 rocket (“V2”), and -- the world’s first deployable jet turbine aircraft -- the Messerschmidt Me 262 (which as a fighter could attain speeds of over 800 km/h). At least five Me 262 planes were assembled under the direction of U.S. forces in control of the Messerschmidt Me 262 production factory from April to July 1945.

The biggest and most secretive catch was an intact prototype of an all-wing, single engine, single-seater jet plane, type named the Go 229 V-3. This plane bore a striking similarity between the futuristic ‘stealth” bomber -- the flying wing -- unveiled in the United States circa 1989. “At least one complete Go 229 V3 plane and a large number of finished parts of the prototype fell into their [U.S.] hands.” [73]

It is notable that aircraft historian Curtiss Peebles, in his Dark Eagles: A History of Top Secret U.S. Aircraft Programs (Presidio, 1995), mentions both the Me 262 (page 16) and the Go 229 V3 (page 51) in passing, as if the reader will have some idea what they are or where they came from. He also mentions both aircraft in the context of being far superior to anything the U.S. had at the time. [74]

Given the relative obscurity of these aircraft, and the means by which they made their way in to the U.S. intelligence apparatus, Peebles’ incidental mention, and the complementary omission of further details, bespeaks the defense and intelligence apparatus tactic for bring classified information or projects out into the public: plant the information here and there; if and when anyone questions what it is about, explain that that has been common knowledge for some time.

Allied intelligence ascertained well in advance the locations of the supreme Nazi weapons facilities, including the exact factories and their production capabilities, but the Allied bombing campaign did not target the weapons complex. For example, while bombs fell in an ostensible attack on the V2 rocket production facilities near Nordhausen on April 3, 1945, the V2 centers were entirely spared: some 8,800 civilians instead died when the bombs hit the town itself. There was no military significance to these killings, merely eight days before the American troops arrived.[75] This is yet another example of war crimes orchestrated within the U.S. government.

General Eisenhower oversaw the exfiltration of over 2000 Nazi scientists – experts in biological warfare, rocketry, munitions, intelligence and psychological operations (torture and propaganda) – to U.S. bases of operation, mostly, but not exclusively, in the continental United States. (It is notable that Eisenhower, later, as U.S. President, was ardent in his support of early ENMOD research and development programs.) This mass and secretive recruitment and exfiltration occurred under highly classified programs of the Office of Strategic Services (O.S.S.) -- and continued under its later incarnation, the Central Intelligence Agency. These O.S.S./CIA programs were called Project “Paperclip” and Project “63.” Through the defense and intelligence establishment’s then “Operation Sunshine,” Nazi’s belonging to the elite “Gehlen Org” – named for Nazi intelligence chief Reinhard Gehlen – were exfiltrated into the CIA.[76]

The U.S. Combined Intelligence Objectives Subcommittee (CIOS) was set up early in WW-II and tasked with collecting scientific data on the level of research attained by the Germans in select technical fields and weapons – primarily, at first, concerned with an atom bomb. Some 3000 researchers and engineers wearing U.S. Army and Air Force uniforms were attached to General Patton’s Third Army solely for this purpose, and they converged en masse on the Nazi secret underground weapons complexes of Thuringia after the Allied invasion. Their slogan was: “We take the brain.” [77]

The U.S. exfiltration of Nazi scientists paved the way for U.S. aerospace killing superiority and the imminent militarization of space. One veteran rocket scientist from the Nazi V2 rocket program, Dr. Kurt H. Debus, served at one point as director of the Kennedy Space Center at Cape Canaveral (to1975); he later turned up as CEO of the secretive West German Orbital Transport and Missiles, Ltd. (OTRAG) corporation. Another Nazi rocket enthusiast was Lutz Thilo Kayser, OTRAG’s founder and manager, a former member of the U.S. ad hoc committee on the Apollo rocket transport systems. U.S. citizen Richard Gompetz, a specialist on the V2 engine and another Cape Canaveral veteran, served with OTRAG as well.[78]

OTRAG chose a very suspicious and remote location for their aerospace research and development projects: their operations in southeastern Zaire proceeded under a massive land-leasing arrangement with CIA operative and dictator Mobutu Sese Seko. Seems OTRAG -- with complete U.S., German and French support -- was testing and developing aerospace weapons (cruise missiles, satellites) on territory leased from Mobutu in Zaire: it was a highly secretive and exclusive arrangement expropriating over 29,000 square miles. It was reported that the U.S. Boeing Company was also involved. The contract with Mobutu stipulated OTRAG’s rights up to the year 2000.[79] NASA has always been heavily involved in Zaire, apparently involved with earth environment “remote sensing” projects, though NASA interests and programs there remain mostly unexplained.[80]

USAID Project No. 660-0059, dated January 27, 1977, spelled out a cooperative agreement between the Mobutu government and NASA. Negotiated by Henry Kissinger, the project involved satellite reconnaissance station development by NASA, ostensibly for crop and water surveys.[81] The project seems to have revolved around advanced remote sensing missions, likely intended to serve the national security interests of the US-supported Mobutu dictatorship, the clandestine CIA war in Angola, and the mining interests (cobalt, copper, uranium, diamonds and gold) of multinational corporations in Shaba and Katanga.

Further refined secret aerospace interests appear to have spun out of the 1950s CIA development of a lightweight STOL (short-takeoff-and-landing) aircraft, the human-piloted Helio Courier. Developed by a contractor in Norwood, Massachusetts, the Helio Courier was first utilized by Christian missionaries and other CIA front groups furthering secretive and genocidal Rockefeller interests (Chase Manhattan, Standard Oil) in Latin America in 1959. (Recall that the Rockefeller’s United Fruit Company interests worked hand-in-hand with GE’s pioneering ENMOD scientist Dr. Irving Langmuir in Honduras after WW-II.) This remarkable CIA/NSA “asset” was kept secret for three decades.[82]

Other major CIA aerospace “assets” were developed in collaboration with the Lockheed Aerospace Skunk Works facility and the ultra-high secrecy aerospace “black” programs testbed at Groom Lake.

Groom Lake or “Area 51” is one of the now known “black” operations bases established by the DOD and cloaked in secrecy. This “non-existent” test facility was designated “Area 51” by the Atomic Energy Commission in June 1958, but was built around 1955. The adjacent AEC proving grounds became known as the Nevada Test Site. The base is now known worldwide as “Area 51” -- thanks to numerous mentions in Hollywood shows and movies – but this designation was officially dropped in the 1970s.

Groom Lake gave birth to numerous “black” aerospace “assets” with complete defense and intelligence cooperation and support at the highest levels. Two that we know about include the infamous U-2 (Article 347) spy plane, and the SR-71 (A-11), a technological legend in its own time. Under “Project Oxcart,” the CIA used front companies to fund subcontractors for aerospace developments. The A-11 and A-12 were declassified in 1981.

President Eisenhower was intimately aware of the development and deployment of the U-2.[83] CIA technicians worked frequently with Lockheed at Groom Lake on the U-2 and most major black aircraft to follow. Allen Dulles (CIA Director, 1947-1961), Richard Bissell (later CIA Director) and John McCone (later CIA Director) were intimately involved as well. In 1937, Steve Bechtel teamed up with John McCone and Bechtel-McCone Corporation won major military construction projects. It has been reported that the secretive CIA-insider Bechtel Corporation was one of the prime contractors involved in the construction of Groom Lake. Unsurprisingly, Bechtel Corporation has been heavily involved with the Nevada Test Site (see information on Bechtel below); Lockheed Martin is another Nevada Test Site contractor. The CIA had a special training program to provide CIA pilots for black aircraft testing and secret deployments – out of Groom Lake and other locations.[84]

It is important to recall that Allen Dulles and his brother John Foster Dulles (Secretary of State) were lawyers with the Wall Street firm Sullivan and Cromwell, teamed with the Nazi Schroder banks to directly finance Adolf Hitler.[85]

Notably, because it demonstrates both the propensity to obscure the real mission, and the early attention to weather related missions now undertaken routinely, proponents of the U-2 used research about the weather as a “cover” for the U-2’s real mission. The first public notice of the U-2, on May 7, 1956, by the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA), stated that the U-2 “helps to obtain the needed data… about gust-meteorological conditions to be found at high altitudes… including air-turbulence, convection clouds, wind sheer, jet stream, ozone and water-vapor.” [86]

Other secret aircraft of the 1950s included the Bell RX-1, RX-1A and RX-2 planes; the Bell X-16 was cancelled in 1955, but its existence was not declassified until 1976.[87] And then there was the WS-606 “flying disk” project of the 1950s – about which almost no information is available.[88]

5. Stealth, Deception and Death – Unmanned Aerospace/Aerial Vehicles

We can begin our assessment of the state of contemporary ENMOD technologies by narrowly addressing just one area related to ENMOD technology deployments: Unmanned Aerospace Vehicles or Unmanned Aerial Vehicles – UAVs – briefly mentioned above. UAV research, development and applications are a billions-of-dollars industry: the future has already arrived.

Early in 2002, U.S. Secretary of War Donald Rumsfeld added over $1 billion to the fiscal 2003 defense budget request to develop certain Unmanned Aerospace Vehicle (UAV) programs. The DOD invested more than $3 billion in UAV development, procurement and operations between 1996 and 2001; it plans to invest $2.3 billion more by 2005 and is likely to spend $4.2 billion by 2010. According to the so-called UAV Roadmap, by 2010, the UAV inventory of all the military services is expected to grow to 290 vehicles.[89]

UAV development is slated to occur with complete transparency: the above designated budgetary appropriations do not account for expenditures on secret programs, or the decades of previous UAV research and developments, or for current and future ongoing UAV development under top-secret black programs.

Fleets, “packs” and “swarms” of UAVs or “drones” are already being systematically deployed around the U.S. The U.S. Coast Guard – now part of the Office of Homeland Security – is deploying remote-controlled low-flying surveillance aircraft (UAVs) of the type used by the U.S. Air Force in Iraq and Afghanistan, along the Atlantic Coast. The acquisition of up to 76 drones nationwide is part of Deepwater, the Coast Guard’s $17 billion program “to replace aging equipment and respond to new security challenges.” [90]

Where and how did such prodigious stealth technology come about?

The birth of the UAV technologies seems to have spun out of a need for unmanned aircraft capable of highly secretive, dangerous missions like those undertaken by the U-2. Other missions revolved around remote sensing in severe weather, and dangerous overflights of “hostile” territory (China, Cuba, Russia), where the risk of human loss was high.

From 1959 to 1962, working for the CIA, the Ryan Aeronautical Company developed the Q-2C and Q-2D Firebee – a high-altitude reconnaissance drone, code-named “Red Wagon.” In 1962 the company won a $1.2 million follow-on contract for the Model 147A drones code-named Firefly. The Firefly reconnaissance drone reportedly photographed missile sites in Cuba, thereby providing the documentation that reportedly initiated the Cuban Missile Crisis.[91]

In the 1960s, numerous USAFpilotless unmanned aircraft – “drones” – were developed at Groom Lake. Unmanned high-speed drones tested and deployed in the 1960s included the Model 147 Lightning Bug – a spin-off of the 147A Firefly. The Lighting Bug drones saw 77 missions, over “Red” China and Vietnam, in 1965. Under Project “United Effort” (1965-1966), the U.S. flew some 105 electronic intelligence missions over North Vietnam and China, deploying the combat-ready Model 147 series UAV drones. The 147s complemented and eventually replaced the higher-risk manned U-2 missions in most cases, and the Model 147 Lightning Bug came in numerous specialized editions – the 147G, 147H, 147E, 147J, 147N, 147NX, 147NP, 147NRE and 147NQ – all adapted for specialized intelligence and warfighting missions, costing U.S. taxpayers hundreds of millions of dollars (minimum).

The 147S Buffalo Hunter was developed in 1967. There were 340 global missions of the Model 147 in 1968; 437 missions in 1969; 406 missions in 1971. From 1970 to 1971 the DOD quietly transitioned the Model 147 drone program out of the black and into the blue. Some 570 missions were flown in 1972; 444 in 1973; 518 from 1974 to June of 1975. All told, the U.S. flew some 3,455 hostile UAV drone missions against China, North Vietnam and North Korea. CIA involvement with the Ryan Aeronautical Model 154 (P-4) Firefly was accidentally declassified in 1969; the drone was used until 1971. [92]

The CIA program to destabilize the governments of China, Vietnam and Korea is well documented, and secret aircraft missions, U-2 and drone overflights, and other combat “drops”, were pivotal. “There were many other CIA flights over China for purely espionage purposes, carried out by high-altitude U-2 planes, pilotless “drones”, and other aircraft. These overflights began around the late 1950s and were not discontinued until 1971, to coincide with Henry Kissinger’s first visit to Peking… China registered hundreds of “serious warnings” about violations of its airspace…”[93]

Flown out of Taiwan by CIA-trained pilots from Chiang Kai-shek’s Nationalist Chinese Army, numerous U-2’s were shot down over China. The unmanned UAV drones were frequently shot down over the Chinese mainland as well: the Chinese claimed 19 downings of “U.S. imperialist, pilotless, high altitude planes.” [94] CIA aircraft also supported the Tibetan liberation movement, and the many Tibetan liberation fighters trained by the CIA in paramilitary warfare. Airborne biological agents were also released. [95]

To explain away secret aircraft and missiles platforms that were spotted now and then, or to answer the occasional unwanted publicity or press coverage of a crash, or a downing over “hostile” territory, the U.S. DOD used a variety of dismissive and deflective tactics, issuing statements of “no comment” and sometimes outright denials. Picking up on the sensitivity of these projects, major U.S. media outlets like the New York Times downplayed or dismissed reports, altogether hiding the existence of these secret assets from the American public. Notes aerospace historian Curtiss Peebles: “The concept of using an unmanned drone for high-risk overflights, and simply not commenting on any losses, had proved vital.” [96]

As mentioned previously, black projects proceeded outside normal oversight and budgetary channels. For example, in 1962 U.S. General Leo Geary arranged a $500,000 contingency fund for the initial studies that led to the Q-12 UAV (later known as D-21, code-named Tagboard); Lockheed Skunk Works was the contractor, and the D-21 became more secret than the U-2 or the A-12. While the aircraft was developed at Groom Lake, Tagboard funding and control was split between the CIA and the USAF, and the project was open only to the highest level officials: on January 18, 1967, for example, Lockheed chief designer Kelly Johnson met with U.S. deputy Secretary of Defense Cyrus Vance over Tagboard.

The Tagboard project was cancelled in 1971; it was declassified (1976-1977) by the tactic of putting the planes out in open spaces in towns where other aircraft were publicly visible. No photos showing the D-21 (piggybacked on top of the B-52H transport aircraft for launch) were released until circa 1982. Virtually all of details of the D-21 Tagboard, as with other major black aircraft made public, were not released until they appeared in 1993 in a highly patriotic and politically whitewashed book about Lockheed Skunk Works.[97]

USAFSystems Command took over the operation of Groom Lake by 1970. Soon thereafter, further extreme security measures were implemented as a series of new exotic aerospace projects evolved. Of course, under the imminent 1980s puppet Presidency of Ronald Reagan, black programs went even blacker. These included the Have Blue and Tacit Blue (Shamu) stealth technology demonstrators (flights of these reportedly ended in 1985). The Tacit Blue plane was a Defense Advanced Research Projects Administration (DARPA) funded program, begun in 1978, revealed in April 30, 1996. [98]

In April, 1976, a $32.6 million contract was issued by DARPA to Lockheed Skunk Works for the black aircraft Hopeless Diamond – the Lockheed XST stealth fighter – also know (apparently) as Have Blue. Based on the implementation of low RCS (radar-cross section) stealth technologies developed under Project “Harvey” in the early 1970s (terminated 1975), Have Blue was officially confirmed in 1988, although photos were not released until 1991 (and these were released by accident).[99]

Aircraft 780 or Senior Trend was the F-117A fighter developed in the 1970s and lasting into the 1980s. As with other secret aerospace technologies, the F-117A was tested at the Tenopah Test Range (TTR), another secret base constructed northwest of Groom Lake; all flights occurred at night, in keeping with the increasing secrecy of black programs in the 1980s. The F-117A was declassified in 1988: given numerous crashes and leaks, it was no longer possible to be plausibly denied. Based on unclassified DOD info, the F-117A first saw combat in the euphemistically named Operation Just Cause, where thousands of innocent people were killed and thousands more wounded, during the illegal U.S. war against Panama (over CIA drugs profits), ordered by then President George Bush (I), then Secretary of Defense Dick Cheney, and Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, General Colin Powell, in October 1989. [100]

In 1983 a company called AeroVironment attracted government sponsorship from a “classified customer” to build a proof-of-concept solar-powered UAV. “Among the possible customers that have been suggested,” wrote aircraft historian Curtiss Peebles, “are the National Reconnaissance Office (NRO), the CIA and the Naval Research Laboratory.” (Please take note of these three organizations -- NRO, CIA and NRL -- to be discussed at length below for their direct financial and programmatic support of ENMOD development and enabling technologies.) This solar-powered UAV, developed at Groom Lake, was called HALSOL (high-altitude solar) -- and later HALSOL Pathfinder – and it remained classified until 1993. NASA later adapted HALSOL for classified “atmospheric research”. HALSOL was very similar to a “white” UAV called the Helios SRA, also designed for “atmospheric research”.[101]

In the early 1980s DARPA funded the development of the black Teal Rain UAV – later known as Amber -- with a $40 million development contract to Leading Systems Corporation (bought out in 1990 by General Atomics). The Amber program was partially declassified in 1987, although many of its characteristics remain “highly classified”. Amber I was developed for U.S. Army Intelligence tactical programs, and it was reportedly cancelled in 1990, and the designation of Amber I suggests there might be further Amber developments. [102]

AeroVironment also developed the Pointer, Pioneer and Exdrone UAV’s under black contracts. There were 533 sorties of the Pioneer UAV flown during the Gulf War – at least one Pioneer UAV was aloft at all times. U.S. Marines flew some 55-60 Exdrone UAV missions in the Gulf War.[103]

In the summer of 1993, Pentagon acquisitions chief John Deutch put out tenders for a UAV of certain specifications. This resulted in the GNAT-750, another Leading Systems development bought out by General Atomics. The CIA (under R. James Woolsey) controlled the black GNAT-750 program, and the unit deliverable price was $800,000 each. Reportedly, the GNAT-750 UAVs were first deployed during the U.S. war in Bosnia.[104]

To round out the discussion of UAV platforms, “drones” and other black aircraft, we need to interrupt our examination of UAV platforms and developments to briefly examine the veracity of the primary source of black aircraft information sited thus far, the 1995 Curtiss Peebles book, Dark Eagles: A History of Top Secret U.S. Aircraft Programs. Such an examination is important to the subject of secret ENMOD research and development pursuits, for it is precisely the lack of disclosure – and the cult of secrecy and denial behind it – that characterizes the entire military and intelligence apparatus, and the ENMOD arena that proliferates within it.

First consider that according to aircraft historian Curtiss Peebles, the GNAT-750 effort discussed above “marked the return to black aviation by the CIA after two decades” absence. To begin with, it seems unlikely that the CIA would cease and desist “for two decades” from black aviation projects -- and then just as suddenly resume. If we extrapolate backwards from the date (1993) the GNAT project was tendered by CIA director R. James Woolsey (based on information from Curtiss), the “two decades” of CIA inactivity (!) would be 1973 to 1993.

Please recall that this was a very auspicious era, replete with such milestone American events as Watergate, the Church Committee exposures on assassinations and coups, the U.S. supported invasion of East Timor, Iran-Contra, Reaganomics and the emergence of the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) – Star Wars – the predecessor to the now burgeoning Ballistic Missile Defense (BMD) program.

Thus to situate the above Peebles’ comment, we need to examine the greater veracity of the Dark Eagles text. Much of the information offered in Dark Eagles is easily verified. Indeed, propaganda is generally true, and within the greater proliferation of selective and narrowly delineated truths one can neatly bury the occasional lie – which will then be believed. The beauty in propaganda, in disinformation, comes as well in the absence of any greater critical assessment, the selective use of certain facts and innuendos, or the complete dismissal of other, potentially damaging facts.

In the last chapter of Dark Eagles, Curtiss Peebles peddles the standard mythologies and fear about what the George Bush (II) gang has recently dubbed the “Axil of Evil.” Peebles demonizes North Korea, Iraq and Iran, rogue nations all.

All are totalitarian countries built around the cult of the leader and the ideology of violence, revenge and hatred. They define their status in terms of large military forces used to carry out their leaders’ will. All have secret police used to crush internal enemies, real or imagined.[105]

Indeed, had he not prefaced these comments with some attention to the so-called “rogue nations” of North Korea, Iraq and Iran, we might otherwise attribute them to the United States of America. They certainly fit. However, Mr. Peebles would never entertain such heresy, no matter that these statements are easily supported in examination of US foreign and domestic policy over the past five decades, as I have begun to show, and will continue to show.

From the above statement it is an easy extension to establish that Mr. Peebles is a willing apologist for black programs, permanent warfare, and the concomitant military terrorism of the United States of America. Indeed, in his closing chapter Peebles addresses the complaints made by critics of the US military-industrial complex. He suggests that black programs characterized by fraud, waste and abuse – in the language of the Federation of Atomic Scientists – were actually cost savers, and that some companies even returned funds to the US government, and that some programs came in “under budget”. His arguments mirror those of other rapacious multinational industries where some “savings” – ostensibly benefiting US taxpayers – has been instituted. Ditto for those environmentally hostile corporations who greenwash the public with examples of “good corporate citizenship” and ‘sustainable manufacturing” otherwise instituted merely in pursuit of greater efficiency -- and hence profits.

Multinational corporations seek to maximize profits, by any means necessary, and the scale of any “cost-savings” passed on to the public pale in comparison, for example, to the billions of dollars in tax breaks and special compensations secured -- by the US government -- for multinational corporations. It seems likely that one could prove that any funds returned by a corporation were not returned in the interest of equity and honesty, but in the interest of some damage control or other. Peebles also furthers the omnipotent myth that US military budgets are ever under attack and threat of reduction. Nothing could be further from the truth.

Peebles deals with issues of the lack of oversight with simplistic and dismissive examples selectively chosen to buttress his narrow argument. Hence, for example, “today the full defense and intelligence communities review” the GNAT-750 program. No matter that the GNAT-750 has already been transitioned out of the black and into the blue. In any case, he notes, black projects prevail under a climate of integrity, self-sacrifice and accomplishment, and there are reasonable checks and balances secured “by the responsibility of customers and designers to give and get ‘straight answers’.” No matter, as Peebles himself has repeatedly noted throughout his book, the propensity of DOD officials to lie through their teeth while looking you straight in the eye.

Curtiss Peebles is a patriotic American who believes in the unquestioning support of the U.S. military, its secret agencies and covert operations. Nowhere is this better illuminated than in statements made by Peebles in answer to critics’ complaints about costly boondoggles and lack of oversight. Curtiss Peebles’ rationales for U.S. military proliferation testify to his obvious bias in favor of the secrecy and denial of the U.S. military and intelligence apparatus. Without black programs, unfettered by oversight and loosely funded outside normal governmental channels:

…in January, 1991, when it was needed, the F-117A would not have been in the dangerous skies over Baghdad.

Certainly not, and some thousands of innocent Iraqi people might be alive today because of it. And, in any case, we the people -- and our precious democracy -- would not have benefited from:

…technological breakthroughs that will gain for the U.S. an advantage over an enemy in any potential future conflict. The secrecy is necessary. It is not a joke or a game. They [black aircraft] must be hidden, they must be guarded by extraordinary means, as would any treasure.

This last statement is an open admission that Curtiss Peebles cannot be trusted to objectively investigate and disclose the extent of black aircraft operations, deployments, or the ongoing billions-of-dollars programs in black projects research and development. Given the extent of the information he has made available to us, we might plausibly assume that he has access to inside information precisely because he is a trusted and willing agent supporting the cult of plausible deniability -- through selective disinformation and intentional propaganda. He has openly expressed his unquestioning and patriotic support – indeed his duty – to defend the cult of secrecy and denial, by any means necessary. As we shall soon see, his role in spreading disinformation in support of the permanent warfare economy fits quite neatly into a larger propaganda and warfare framework.

Only two further black projects -- presumably test-flown from the secret Groom Lake and TTR bases -- have since been officially acknowledged: the stealth air-launched Lockheed Advanced Cruise Missile (ACM), reportedly cancelled in 1992, and the Northrop Tri-Service Stand-Off Attack Missile, reportedly cancelled in 1994.

Secretive UAV developments and related black programs technologies do not begin and end with Groom Lake -- or the newer Tenopah Test Range (TTR) nearby. The RAND Corporation has persisted in its insider DOD capacity as a significant and heavily funded resource in UAV studies and research. One RAND study, for example, examines the importance of mini-UAVs and micro-aerial vehicles (MAVs) for urban conflict scenarios. The MAV is “designed to perch on buildings, with some chance for covertness.” [106]

Visible in the unclassified arena alone, there are small fleets of UAVs of varying capacities in service today. The U.S. military has over 200 UAVs of all types today. Others are under development. Consider that all branches of the military currently deploy UAVs with sophisticated SIGINT, COMINT, C4ISR, C4IST, EW and ADP (Air-Delivered Payloads) capabilities.[107]. The U.S. Army Tactical Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (TUAV) and the U.S. Air Force Global Hawk and RQ-1 Predator UAVs saw significant operational deployment in the war on Afghanistan, where they proved themselves indispensable, and they are part of a major array of weapons-bearing UAV-type systems slated to deploy various payloads sporting weather warfare enabling technologies.[108] RQ-1 Predator was also deployed over Kosovo.[109]

General Atomics Aeronautical Systems Inc. (GA-ASI) literature clearly states: ‘state-of-the-art reconnaissance systems are in extensive use by the U.S. government including the U.S. Air Force, NASA, Department of Energy and the U.S. Navy as well as by overseas customers.” GA-ASI systems in use today include: RQ-1 Predator, and its advanced follow-on, Predator-B; GNAT, Prowler II and ALTUS UAV platforms.

Figure One:

General Atomics RQ-1 Predator UAV

Current military plans for Global Hawk (Northrup Grumman) and RQ-1 Predator (General Atomics) include the multibillion dollar ongoing research and development effort to implement a wireless “Internet in the sky,” allowing thousands of UAV robots to communicate quickly while zooming around a battle zone at speeds of up to 300 miles an hour. An association of some 300 scientists and engineers coordinated by the Office of Naval Research is about a year-and-a-half into a five-year, $11 million effort. The project is called Multimedia Intelligent Network of Unattended Mobile Agents, or Minuteman. The network communications structure, developed by UCLA Prof. Mario Gerla, will deploy the highest-flying UAV, Global Hawk, as a “cell [phone] tower in the sky.” [110]

On August 23, 2002, General Atomics ASI announced that the combat-proven RQ-1 Predator unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) successfully launched a mini-UAV while in flight. Known as a Flight Inserted Detector Expendable for Reconnaissance (FINDER), this 57 lb mini-UAV was carried on a pylon under Predator’s wing and released at an altitude of 10,000 feet. The Naval Research Laboratory (NRL)-produced FINDER mini-UAV program is designed to evaluate Predator’s capability to carry and launch independently controlled and self-propelled mini-UAVs into hazardous conditions.[111]

According to General Atomics:

“Once launched, atmospheric sampling and assessments can be made prior to any combat strikes and that information can then be relayed to users in real-time. To extend the capability of the FINDER mini-UAV, the next phase of the program will include the integration of PIRANHA, an Aerospace SMC-manufactured Predator Infrared Narrowband Hyperspectral combat Assessor (PIRANHA) that can detect and identify the presence of various atmospheric compounds.”

Said differently, these UAV, mini-UAV and micro-UAV platforms and sensors will relay information essential to successful military campaigns -- including ENMOD operations. Other sensors and systems, and mission parameters, remain undefined due to the highly classified nature of their missions. Included in these are ENMOD objectives, since UAV payloads will certainly include major sophisticated weather sensor technologies that have already been transitioned into the DOD’s operational arenas.

By February 21, 2002, the U.S. DOD had already purchased 79 RQ-1 Predators from General Atomics, for a per unit price of about $7 million, or some $553 million dollars.[112]

Other major aerospace weapons platforms developed under secret black operations (and associated with ongoing black programs) include:

· 1956 Suntan CL-400 (supposedly cancelled in 1957)

· TR3A Black Manta or Baby B-2 UAV

· Aurora

Little is known about the Aurora program, and it has been heavily denied.[113] Armed Forces Journal has described it as “a very black program within a black program.” Believed to have been developed during the 1980s and 1990s, speculation has placed Aurora under the purview of the National Reconnaissance Office (NRO). Supposing it does exist, it is believed that the Aurora craft can exceed speeds of Mach 6. Counted amongst the newest secret aerospace developments is the Bird of Prey – named after the Klingon “Bird of Prey” seen in Star Trek. Or, rather, which came first? The “Bird of Prey” of fiction, or the Bird of Prey of fact? A product of the Boeing Aerospace Phantom Works facility, the Bird of Prey UAV was unveiled on October 18, 2002.

It is important to recognize the scale of the black programs. In 2002, according to the Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments, the U.S. military’s black budget was slated to rise to levels not seen since the 1980s, from $16.2 billion last year to $20.3 billion.

6. May The Force Be With You!

Where, and so suddenly, did all these sophisticated and seemingly futuristic UAV technologies come from? Will ENMOD technologies be similarly transitioned into the public sphere? Talk and deployment of UAV “drones” has become increasingly prevalent, and these hitherto unknown killing technologies have splashed onto the overt policy, “news” and war-making arena seemingly overnight. Indeed, they are appearing everywhere, all at once.

With out the least trace of irony, we can say for certain that we know where the language and public introduction of these new technologies came from – language like “drones,” names like Predator and StrikeStar and DarkStar for example – and perhaps we can now reflect on the relevance and importance of the timing of the releases of the Star Wars films and their many lesser spin-offs. These films habituated U.S. citizens to an increasingly militarized environment, the physical and social environments of every day life now characterized by rapid technological changes, and changes that are occurring at a rate far more accelerated than the rate of human adaptability, and beyond the capacity for any organized social protest. Indeed, the rate of change is overwhelming.

These major Hollywood productions were clearly intended to facilitate the military objectives of “turning science fiction into fact” and it is in the context of the popularity of these films, and the hundreds of millions of dollars dedicated to their production and proliferation, that we can situate the realities of the “death-and-destruction” technologies that were developed behind them. Indeed, the technologies did not appear overnight: the Hollywood Star Wars type films were the chronicles of death foretold.

Take two recent print magazine features for example. The campaign to manage public perceptions of U.S. militarism has penetrated all quarters of American daily life and major articles selling the patriotic imperatives of UAV weapons and communications platforms, for the example at hand, have appeared in popular print magazine venues.

In a highly sexualized account, Mark Bowden in “The Kabul-ki Dance” (The Atlantic Monthly, November, 2002), canonizes the “astonishing precision of modern American weapons” used in Afghanistan and the “extraordinarily brave stealth operators” who deliver them. This includes ‘sleek and cool” weapons of death-and-destruction, and the “coming of age of UAVs” armed with cameras and missiles – “drones like the Predator (RQ-1), which made a name for itself for the first time in this conflict” – which, in Bowden’s reading of war, eliminated the propensity for “death-and-destruction” which characterized the anachronistic wars of bygone eras. Indeed, he eulogized, “War was never like this before -- you aren’t supposed to enjoy yourself while killing people.” [114]

Bruce Sterling, writing in the popular Gen-X / Gen-Y magazine WIRED takes the U.S. military agenda even further in “ASTROCOP: The Race to Dominate Space is Over: We Won! Now What?” Curiously, Sterling postulates several of the very same “futuristic” scenarios of battle as were articulated as concerns in the Air Force 2025 document. Is this a coincidence? Does it signify a lack of editorial imagination? Or does it signify the intimate relationship Sterling enjoys with the defense intelligence and information warfare apparatus? Indeed, “intimacy” is a poor choice in the lexicon of prostitution: WIRED has certainly been expropriated – most likely a willing volunteer – for the U.S. war effort. In any case, WIRED is published by The Conde Nast Publications, a mammoth publishing enterprise sporting such major bastions of pop-culture as Vanity Fair, Vogue, New Yorker, House and Garden, Self, Allure, Glamour, Brides and GQ.

Bruce Sterling’s “ASTROCOP” feature outlines in detail many of the heretofore unappreciated but enabling satellite technologies designed to complement operational capabilities of weather warfare. These include the many advanced but operational billions-of-dollars constellations of satellites already in place, major components of the satellite space warfare and environmental warfare theater, which includes: MILSTAR (Military Strategic-Tactical and Relay), LANDSAT, DMSP (Defense Meteorological Satellite Program), GPS (Global Positioning System), DSP (Defense Support Program), SBR (Space-Based Radar), SBL (Space-Based Laser), Advanced EHF and UHF Follow-On satellite constellations.[115] Of course, we are told nothing of the billions-of-dollars research, development and deployment programs, veiled by the C4ISR/C4IST apparatuses, that have also launched satellites and other aggressive payloads into space.

These two propaganda features provide egregious examples of popular print venues – often perceived as editorially progressive – serving as unquestioning vehicles for the Pentagon’s disinformation war against the American public. Both authors have prostituted themselves to the moral bankruptcy of the military-industrial complex – and they were most likely coached in generating the propaganda they did, and/or groomed for the positions – as writers -- they have ascended to.

Examples of the technologies seen first in Hollywood films include small, remotely deployed, information sensors scattered over the landscape (see the BAE Systems development of MIUGS devices below) reporting on the comings and goings of Luke Skywalker and his droids. Our first introductions to the conceptual, albeit futuristic, realities of the info-warfare “drone” technologies – the UAVs, UCAVs and TUAVs – came through such films as Dune, Star Wars and Star Trek. The decades old Star Trek series, of course, set the stage.

It is important to truly appreciate the subservient role that the mass media and entertainment industries play in further institutionalizing the American addiction to war and space. Consider that the Pentagon has sponsored hi-tech “brainstorming” sessions with some of Hollywood’s most celebrated science fiction writers and producers. With a five-year, $45 million dollar contract with the U.S. Army, the Institute for Creative Technology in Marina del Rey (CA) has been tapping the creative genius of John Milius (co-writer: Apocalypse Now), David Ayer (writer: Training Day), Ron Cobb (creature designer for Star Wars films). Hollywood consultants are paid anywhere from $500 to $1,000 a day to dream up new high-tech military gizmos.[116]

Other highly leveraged corporate ties proliferate. For one example, consider that one of the directors of aerospace and defense giant GE Company, Barbara Scott Preiskel, is also a director of the Washington Post, and she is Senior Vice-President of the Motion Picture Associations of America, New York, NY. For a second example, consider that Lucille S. Salhany sits on the Hewlett Packard board of directors with Philip M. Condit, Chairman and CEO of The Boeing Company, and that Lucille S. Salhany was President of United Paramount Network (1994-1997); Chairman and Director of Fox Broadcasting (1993-1994); and Chairman of 20^th Century Fox Television (1991-1993).[117]

The Chairman of the board of a massive tier-one defense corporation called Allied Defense Group (ADG), discussed below, is General (Ret.) J.H. Binford Peay, III, previously Commander-in-Chief, and Vice Chief of Staff, U.S. Army. It is notable that General Peay’s is a private consultant to Walt Disney Imagineering, a major subsidiary business of Walt Disney Company.

Of course, Walt Disney Company owns ABC Broadcasting, purveyor of ABC News, World News Tonight with Peter Jennings, Nightline, Prime Time Thursday, 20/20 and other major broadcasts. The ABC television station group includes 10 local stations, which reach 24 percent of the country’s TV households. The ABC Entertainment Television Group includes both the ABC Entertainment division and the Touchstone Television studio, which brings major programming to CBS and NBC networks as well.

As owner of 53 local radio stations, ABC Radio Group reaches 15 million listeners on a weekly basis, while ABC Radio Networks provide programming to more than 4,600 affiliated stations reaching 126 million people weekly. ABC Radio also includes Radio Disney, which is available in 48 markets, representing 54 percent of the country. About 2.5 million children ages 6-14 and 1.4 million moms tuned to Radio Disney on a weekly basis in 2001.

Walt Disney Television International (WDTV-I) distributes almost 5,000 hours of programming, including war propaganda films such as Pearl Harbor, to 120 countries around the world. Walt Disney publishing company Hyperion publishes bestsellers that hide and deny the significance of U.S. military terrorism, as with George Carlin’s Napalm and Silly Putty, which by virtue of its title alone suggests that napalm is some benign children’s toy, and not the deadly chemical agent that burned uncountable bodies of innocent men, women and children under defoliation bombings in Vietnam.

For another poignant example of the relationship between the peddlers of the permanent warfare economy and the major entertainment venues in America, note that defense and intelligence deep-insider General Alexander Haig – a major Reagonite and Star Wars proponent -- is today director for major media giant America Online, and director for the mammoth Hollywood films corporation Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM) -- the producer of major propaganda pictures, like Black Hawk Down.

It is through the proliferation of such popular cultural artifacts as sci-fi films (Star Wars) and techno-mags (WIRED) that the military will continue to acculturate the public to its agenda, and thereby facilitate the easy transitions of state-of-the-art technologies -- such as weather warfare capabilities -- into the unclassified (public) arena. Mass media and pop culture technology and warfare purveyors like novelist Tom Clancy have done their part to acculturate the public to the DOD and intelligence warfighting agendas, and to further institutionalize the permanent warfare economy of the United States.

The transition from military classification to public purview occurs through well-defined “public acclimation programs” designed to slowly leak and strategically place information, and through extensive perception management (propaganda) campaigns which thereby acclimate the public to DOD pursuits, objectives, technologies or programs that might otherwise spark massive resistance or public protest.

Attesting to the awareness of elite DOD planners about the potential public resistance to ENMOD pursuits are the following statements made by a consultant to the HAARP ionosphere modification project in Alaska. (See: Angels Don”t Play This HAARP, Section 10, herein.):

As soon as information on any of the projects becomes known to residents… it will trigger a strong reaction of concerns.

However justified or unjustified these concerns might be, they will be voiced passionately, perhaps even stridently.

Classification of the entire project by DOD at an early stage would help prevent surprises at a later stage (but it should be clear that concealment or credible cover-up would be essentially impossible). [Note: impossible in the case of the huge HAARP antenna array.]

“I expect increasing activism… if and when the concepts… become widely known, a very strong international reaction could be expected. [118]

“The above comments have proven to be prophetic,” wrote Dr. Bernard Eastlund. ‘since the large HAARP phased array [antenna system for ionospheric modification] was constructed in Alaska, there have been intense protests by local Alaska environmentalists as to the safety and intent of the project.” [119]

While his ties to the military industrial complex run to the deepest levels, as we will later show, Dr. Bernard Eastlund’s pursuit of ENMOD research and technologies ostensibly in the private sector can be gleamed from the web site of Eastlund Scientific Enterprises Corporation. The corporate product line includes such state-of-the-art ENMOD capabilities as:

· Ionospheric modifications

· Weather Modification

· Tornado modification

· HAARP Applications

Not coincidentally, Dr. Bernard J. Eastlund – whose ENMOD research and development has proceeded under the guise of private and supposed non-military pursuits -- was Vice President for Energy Technology with BDM Corporation from 1979 to 1984. For years BDM has operated as a major front company for the intelligence apparatus (see below). As a consultant to Atlantic Richfield Corporation (ARCO) from 1984 to 1987, Eastlund developed “new civilian and military uses of North Slope natural gas.” From 1966 to 1974, Dr. Bernard J. Eastlund managed research programs for Controlled Thermonuclear Research for the U. S. Atomic Energy Commission. [120]

Eastlund’s connections sink deep into the classified military-industrial arena, and it is just such cases like Dr. Bernard Eastlund that provide stark examples of one of the means whereby the military realizes its objectives – even those prohibited by international treaties. And that is through the ostensible independence of private sector actors, those who are otherwise deeply in tune with both overt and covert military goals, allowing the DOD and its peripheral and supporting agencies to hide behind intelligence and defense “front companies” and thereby exercise their highly efficacious -- and deceitful -- constructs of plausible deniability.

Recognizing early on that it would be “essentially impossible,” to “conceal” or “cover-up” the sheer physicality of the huge HAARP antenna systems, DOD classification was strategically dismissed. In contradistinction are the numerous highly classified ENMOD programs whose “concealment” and “cover-up” was both feasible and deniable, in an effort to prevent “unavoidable surprises” by an educated, intelligent but dissenting public -- a public unwilling to tolerate the egregious arrogance of elite planners, and their plans for the hostile manipulation of the earth’s environment. Having pursued their ENMOD agendas under the veil of secrecy, without public approval or discussion -- and with plenty of overt research and development pursued by proxy agents in the so-called “private sector” -- these people are now preparing to transition large-scale weather-as-a-weapon developments into the public realm. The objective, again, is to use them openly and without question. The public hysteria whipped up as an integral part of the United States’ “war on terror” offers an apt vehicle for the introduction and deployment of such technological madness.

7. Remote Sensing – Not So Remote.

Not coincidentally, UAVs are amongst the platforms consistently used to deploy and test some of the ongoing weather sensors and weapons pursued in unclassified technology research and development programs geared toward the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI). Virtually all of these programs, on their face, are described as weather analysis, data collection and research, and, to be fair, those applications certainly exist. However, it is disingenuous to dismiss the military applications, given the funding sources and the many aerospace and defense programs already using these technologies in one way or another. Indeed, this area revolves around highly lethal and offensive military capabilities.

UAV’s will operate as sensors, scientific data and image collectors transmitting climate and weather data to ground stations, satellites and airborne platforms. They might also be deployed as the vehicles to deliver seeding agents, to facilitate or distribute other ENNOD inputs at the precise place and time. One thing is certain: UAV’s are expected to be integral components for the facilitation of remote sensing, weather collection, climate and atmospheric data collection and analyses, and rapid information transfer – all crucial to offensive military ENMOD capabilities.

The Microwave Remote Sensing Laboratory (MIRSL) at the University of Massachusetts has for seventeen years pioneered the research and development of sophisticated sensors, radars, receivers, transmitters, antennas and systems for the most egregiously hostile military weapons systems and weapons platforms applications, for weather characterization and investigation, and ultimately -- whether MIRSL researchers admit this or not -- to enable weather modification and control.

Virtually all of the technologies were developed under funding by the military industrial complex, and it is quite possible that intelligence operatives work within the U-Mass “community;” they are certainly monitoring the academic “community” in any case.[121] Until the late 1980s, at least, significant classified research occurred at U-Mass. MIRSL personnel regularly staff flights and tests deploying weather monitoring (clouds, ocean waves, hurricanes, atmospheric) and measuring equipment.

The MIRSL expertise focuses on microwave and millimeter wave technologies for RADAR, communications and EW applications. These MIRSL enabled technologies are also deployed for SIGINT, COMMINT, C4ISR and C4IST capabilities. These technologies have seen direct applications, in repeated tests and experiments, and they are the technologies of current choice in use in the armed forces, and of future choice for an array of offensive capabilities identified in the unclassified Air Force 2025 document.

The U-Mass MIRSL research is aligned with the U.S. Department of Defense ARM-UAV (Atmospheric Radiation Measurement -- Unmanned Aerospace Vehicle) Program – another program euphemistically dedicated to “atmospheric measuring and monitoring” for benign purposes.

One of the companies involved in the ARM program is Atmospheric and Environmental Research Inc. (AER), in Lexington Massachusetts. AER offers satellite-borne sensors “providing a unique, multispectral perspective for monitoring environmental processes over the Earth.” Providing remote sensing technologies and data “for diverse scientific, military and commercial applications” AER’s clients include Boeing Satellite Systems; Lockheed Martin; ITT Industries (Aerospace Division); Ball Aerospace; JPL (Jet Propulsion Laboratory); NSF; NASA; NOAH; DOE and DOD. AER is also teamed on some ENMOD related projects with the Desert Research Institute. As previously noted, the Desert Research Institute was involved in major ENMOD projects, including the National Hail Research Experiment (1971-1976). [122]

Another key ARM program participant is SeaSpace Corporation, a major vendor of satellite “weather and climate” ground stations for defense customers: the SeaSpace connection leads us on a wild goose chase of powerful interlocking defense and intelligence corporations and interests.

SeaSpace Corporation was recently acquired by major defense and intelligence corporation Allied Defense Group, Inc, (formerly Allied Research Corporation). ADG sits at the pinnacle of defense and intelligence power, peddling weapons, intelligence and security all over the world. According to company literature, ADG is “a diversified defense and security firm, developing and producing conventional weaponry, sophisticated security systems, innovative training and simulation products, and mission-critical safety and environmental products, for markets in Europe, Asia, Africa, Antarctica, North America and South America.”

The ADG Chairman of the board is General (Ret.) J.H. Binford Peay, III, former Allied Research Corporation Chairman of the Board, President, and CEO, previously Commander-in-Chief, and Vice Chief of Staff, U.S. Army. Current directors include: Dr. Jay R. Sculley, former Assistant Secretary for Research and Development, U.S. Army; ADG director Gilbert F. Decker was the former Assistant Secretary for Research, Development and Acquisition, U.S. Army. General Peay is a private consultant to Boeing Corporation, and, as mentioned previously, he is a private consultant to Walt Disney Imagineering, a major subsidiary business of Walt Disney Company.

ADG director Ronald H. Griffith is a former General (Ret.), and Vice Chief of Staff, U.S. Army, and he remains the Executive Vice-President and Chief Operating Officer of an elite, and somewhat exceptional, private military company called Military Professional resources Inc. (MPRI). MPRI is a private mercenary firm based in Alexandra, VA, responsible for egregious private military terrorism all over the world.[123] MPRI’s terrorist activities take place with full diplomatic cover of the US, and they are rarely if ever mentioned in the media.

MPRI principals include: General (Ret.) Carl E. Vuono, former Army Chief of Staff who oversaw the invasion of Panama and the Gulf War; General (Ret.) Ronald H. Griffith; Colonel (Ret.) Stephen E. Inman; General (Ret.) Crosbie Saint; and Lieutenant General (Ret.) Jared L. Bates; Admiral Wesley McDonald, the former Supreme Allied Commander of Atlantic Forces; General (Ret.) Frederick Kroesen, the former Commander of U.S. Forces in Europe; and retired U.S. Army General Harry Ed Soyster, former director of the DIA.[124] Soyster arranged the MPRI mercenary program in Croatia with the help of CIA director John Deutch. [125] Two more MPRI executive warmakers are Mr. Hardisty, who served on the Joint Chiefs of Staff, headed the U.S. Pacific Command, and serves on the CIA’s military advisory panel; and Mr. Trefry, executive vice-president, who served as a military assistant to the White House under President Bush (I). It has also been reported that MPRI counts General Alexander Haig as a principal executive, (this remains unverified).

Returning to the ARM-UAV program, this aerospace and defense initiative was made visible in the mid-1990s with millions of dollars in funding from the DOD Strategic Environment Research and Development Program (SERDP). SERDP continues to fund UAV and satellite platform technology developments for the ARM-UAV program of the U.S. Department of Energy. The U.S. DOE in turn has funded the University of Massachusetts MIRSL program.[126] Further ENMOD related research and development at MIRSL has been sponsored through NASA (ERAST) programs.[127] The NASA Environmental Research Aircraft and Sensor Technology (ERAST) program awarded major contracts to General Atomics Corporation to develop/adapt the GAC Predator-B UAV platform “to operate in a variety of weather conditions to support a broad range of potential science missions...”[128]

Taking place on a remote ice floe in the Arctic Ocean is another major ARM scientific spin-off effort, the SHEBA program. The Surface Heat Budget of the Arctic Ocean Project (SHEBA) continues under the omnipresent and all-encompassing U.S. Global Change Research Program (USGCRP) sponsored by the DOD, DOE, NOAA, NASA, NSF and ONR, and initiated in 1997.

SHEBA scientists are applying their extensive field data to improve computer models of the earth’s climate, and thus enhance the capability of researchers to predict global change… DOD participates in USGCRP through sponsored research that concurrently satisfies national security requirements and stated goals of USGCRP. [129]

Now let’s ask a few questions about the above statements. How much climate change research is needed? Is it reasonable to believe that the billions of dollars that have been devoted to “global climate change research” in the recent past have been dedicated to that? Given the extent to which the defense scientific and intelligence community has gone to destroy the environment, and the policies, programs and regulations put in place to maintain entrenched nuclear and petroleum industries, and to destroy emerging solar technologies in the 1980s, should we not assume without question that some major proportion of this funding has been allocated to ENMOD weaponry?

What are the “national security requirements” of the U.S. Global Climate Research Program? Why is the DOD involved, if not to secure their broad and ubiquitous warmaking interests?

While it is certainly true that “more research needed” has become the mantra behind which action to mitigate global climate change is stalled or suspended, it is also true that data collection, remote sensing, computer modeling, and platforms (for deployment) research and development for ENMOD purposes has been taking place.

Funding for U-Mass MIRSL research has come from virtually all the major advanced weapons systems and programs research and development agencies: NASA; ARO; USA; ONR; DOE; NOAA; USDA; DARPA; NSF; AFOSR; and AFRL. From FY 1990 to FY 1994, less than four MIRSL principal investigators received approximately $ 8,155,117 from these agencies for remote sensing research or experimentation on:

· Air-sea interface

· Earth (terrestrial)

· Cloud profiling

· Measurements of cloud water and ice

· Measurements of hurricanes

· Measurements of natural surfaces

· Ocean Surface Wind Speed

· Sea characterization

· Sea ice and glacial ice characterization

· Snow covered terrain

· Soil moisture

· Turbulence in the atmospheric boundary layer

· Tornadoes.

Working with the U-Mass MIRSL scientists on their various programs are also: General Electric, Ball Brothers, Digital Equipment, Hewlett-Packard, Hughes, Lockheed-Martin, Sun Microsystems and United Technologies. Massachusetts’s contractors involved at various levels include Raytheon, Kollmorgen, Quadrant Engineering, Danaher Corp., Millitech and Yankee Environmental Systems.[130] Danaher Corporation -- the parent company of Kollmorgen -- is a major contractor, with over 30 subsidiaries, involved in key aerospace, defense and SDI programs. (Danaher director Alan G. Spoon is President of the Washington Post.) [131]

Yankee Environmental Systems (YES), Turners Falls, MA, is an R&D firm with decades of involvement in ENMOD military thrusts. In the 1960s, while at Cambridge Systems Inc., YES founders designed the TMQ/22 Tactical Measuring set for the U.S. Army; TMQ systems have been used for years; YES collaborates with the White Sands Missile Range on this project today. In October 2001, two retired U.S. DOD insiders -- Lieutenant Colonels Dave Sautter and Bill Bauman -- both former USAF officers, joined YES after 20-year careers as “meteorologists” with Air Force Weather.

Major YES customers, partners and programs relating to ENMOD technologies include:

• U.S. Dept. of Energy (DOE): ARM-UAV Program
• U.S. Dept of Agriculture
• U.S. Department of Defense
• Space and Warfare Systems Command (SPAWAR):
• Army Research Labs (ARL):
• Air Force Research Labs (AFRL)
• Office of Naval Research (ONR):
• U.S. Department of Commerce
• National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)
• National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)
• National Science Foundation
• Argonne National Laboratory
• Brookhaven National Laboratory
• Jet Propulsion Laboratory
• Los Alamos National Laboratory
• Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
• Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
• Boeing Corporation

Note that almost all the U.S. National Laboratories are involved as customers, and these are the same National Labs responsible for some of the most secretive military programs in the history of the United States. They are also responsible for major nuclear (plutonium) contamination to the environment, for radiation testing on humans, and numerous billion-dollar boondogles. That is, they are irresponsible, criminally insane, and accountable to no one.[132]

U-Mass MIRSL Labs work in partnership with the National Center for Atmospheric Research at the University of Colorado. It should not come as a surprise that the most extensive hydroscopic [cloud-seeding] test to date, run by scientists from the National Center for Atmospheric Research in Mexico for the past few years (1999-200?), has conducted some 99 seeding missions, showing rainfall increases of as much as 40 percent.[133]

SPAWAR “provides line management staffing of the National Reconnaissance Office; coordinates naval space research, development and acquisition activities between NRO and other space programs; provide naval space and warfare experience to develop superior and affordable space systems in support of national missions and joint, combined and naval operations.” [134]

The Air Force Research Laboratory is entrenched in UAV and UAV payload, sensors and weapons research. A subdivision of the Air Force Material Command (AFMC), AFRL’s UAV efforts were outlined in a recent (2002) AFMC publication. A feature titled “Turning Science Fiction Into Science Fact” reported, for example, that the next-generation X-45A Unmanned Combat Air Vehicle (UCAV) was successfully test flown at NASA’s Dreyden Flight Research Center on Edwards Air Force Base (CA) on May 22, 2002. The X-45A is a DARPA, AFRL collaboration with Boeing’s highly classified Phantom Works research and development facility.

Another inside space and ENMOD warfare operator is Mission Research Corporation, involved in weather and climate simulation; environmental modeling; image and information processing; sensors and sensor systems; ionospheric manipulation; and advanced high energy beam technologies. Major Mission Research Corporation clients and partners include all the standard ENMOD participants funding the U-Mass MIRSL labs: NASA; all national labs; Naval Research Laboratory; DARPA; and U.S. Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL) and other corporations.

Note that AFRL funding and programs direction comes from the Air Force Office of Scientific Research (AFOSR). Both AFRL and AFOSR were identified above as funding sources for U-Mass MIRSL labs research and development, and both are sponsors of the private MIRSL spin-off companies Prosensing and Quadrant Engineering, and Yankee Environmental Systems (YES). The AFOSR director of some $60 million in annual physics and electronics programs is Dr. Forrest J. Agee, also a former manager of strategic [black] C3 programs at BDM Corporation (1979-1982).[135]

Another BDM insider from 1978 to 1992 is former U.S. Air Force Colonel William P. Schneider, a Soviet area studies expert who went on to found the private Technical Research Corporation (located on Langley Drive, VA), which specializes in stealth, missile and electromagnetic energy and laser technologies for aerospace applications. [136]

BDM Corporation is another of those shadowy NSA insider corporations that has been involved in questionable [read: highly illegal] activities, including mercenary operations abroad. One BDM International acquisition was Vinnell, an old mercenary firm that had been around since the Vietnam War days.

The Carlyle Group recently acquired 26 percent of BDM stock. Carlyle counts amongst its principals former Secretary of State (1989-1992) James Baker, and former Defense Secretary (1987-1989) and CIA Africa hand Frank Carlucci. A defense and intelligence deep insider, Carlucci formerly served as Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs under President Reagan; Deputy Secretary of Defense (1980-1982); and Deputy Director of Central Intelligence (1978-80). James Baker was White House Chief of Staff for President Bush (1992-1993) and President Reagan (1981-1985); he was also Secretary of Treasury under Reagan (1985-1988); and he was President Ford’s Under Secretary of Commerce.

Carlyle’s international advisors include former British Prime Minister John Major (Chairman of Carlyle Europe) and former German Central Bank President, Karl Otto Pohl. Current Carlyle Chairman Louis V. Gerstner recently served on the board of directors of the New York Times Corporation, and remains a director of Bristol Myers Squibb, a pharmaceutical giant which retains deep ties to the New York Times Corporation.

Unsurprisingly, Karl Otto Pohl has also served on the advisory board of Barrick Gold -- with former CIA Director and U.S. President George H.W. Bush, former prime Minister of Canada Brian Mulroney, and former U.S. Senator Howard Baker. It is no accident that Barrick Gold’s devastating mining operations, with military support at the highest levels, remain off the media agenda.[137] Another Barrick director is Edward N. Neys, also a director of the highly secretive public relations and perception management firm Burston-Marstellar. In true perception management form, Brian Mulroney is a trustee for the right-wing Freedom Forum media think-tank (publisher of the influential academic Media Studies Journal), and with the likes of Henry Kissinger and David Rockefeller, he sits on the Advisory Council for Chase Manhattan Corporation.[138]

As noted by intelligence investigator Wayne Madsen, “Interestingly, Philip Odeen, the president of BDM, was in charge of a Defense Department task force on restructuring the military to face 21rst century threats.” [139] In 1998, BDM – entrenched in ballistic missile defense (BMD) systems -- was acquired by TRW, a major DOD intelligence, satellite and space warfare insider corporation, charged with violations about BMD monopoly by the Federal Trade Commission.[140] (Note that TRW was itself absorbed by Northrup Grumman amidst major Securities and Exchange Commission violations charges in December of 2002.)

BDM was just one of the corporations under contract in 1998 to the DIA and CIA “to procure various weapons from dubious international sources under the covert “foreign material acquisition” program.” [141] Under this program, authorized in the Intelligence Authorization Act for fiscal year 1991, the U.S. congress permitted the DIA to establish private “businesses” as cover for military intelligence-gathering operations.[142] Licensed for export by the U.S. government, BDM shipped over $80,000 worth of computers and computer-assisted design equipment to Iraq for utilization in Saddam Hussein’s weapons programs between 1985 and 1990.[143]

With the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) and U.S. Navy, Boeing Phantom Works is developing the UCAV-N (Naval Unmanned Combat Air Vehicle). Notably, Boeing Phantom Works plans deployment of their “Advanced System-of-Systems” Future Combat System by 2012. With a “network-centric set of satellites and unmanned and manned air and ground systems to provide a highly deployable, effective and survivable advanced force structure,” the Future Combat System capabilities include “precision all-weather surveillance and targeting systems.” Such systems almost certainly revolve around weather warfare capabilities cloaked by euphemisms like “precision all-weather” surveillance and targeting for C4IST.

Figure Two:

Two UAV and/or UCAV Technologies Under Development through AFRL.

Says Major Gen Paul Nielsen, AFRL Commander: “Eventually UCAVs will fly in packs [swarms] seeking enemy anti-aircraft missile launchers, and work together to destroy them, with a human operator who could be anywhere in the world. The next-stage of this next-gen deployment is the X-45B, a larger and more robust and capable UCAV.” AFRL is developing UAV (and manned vehicle) hypersonic propulsion technologies allowing speeds over Mach 6 (4500 mph). [144]

Another partner working with the U.S. Navy, DARPA and Boeing Phantom Works on UAV technologies and their related C4ISR/T is BAE Systems, a U.S./U.K. multinational corporation flagged in 2002 by the United Nations’ Report of the Panel of Experts on the Illegal Exploitation of Natural Resources and Other Forms of Wealth of the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). BAE Systems violated international sanctions by illegally shipping spare parts to the Zimbabwe Air Force for ZIM Mark 60 Hawk Fighters. Intermediaries in the deal included John Bredenkamp and Liberian President Charles Taylor, both widely known for international criminal operations in arms and diamonds smuggling amidst massive loss of human life in Liberia, Sierra Leone and DRC.[145]

BAE Systems recently demonstrated their “Micro-Internetted Unattended Ground Sensors” (MIUGS). These hand-deployed MIUGS provided coverage of more than two square kilometers of the China Lake Superior Valley test range, and sent back target reports to a command and control center 30 miles away. The sensor nodes successfully detected “high-value targets” (such as mobile missile launchers) and cued a Predator unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) to verify the target. BAE’s Information & Electronic Warfare Systems (IEWS) business received a $10 million development contract in July 2001 to develop rapidly deployable, networked sensors, to fight the “war on terror.” Note that BAE Systems executive Curtis Gray has a long history of employment with Boeing (Phantom Works) and Rockwell International.[146] BAE Systems is reportedly involved with the blackest of black programs: the development of anti-gravity technologies, including an advanced anti-gravity fighter-interceptor.[147]

The USAF COROLIS weather satellite (delayed from launch in December 2002) provides another recent example of sophisticated ongoing ENMOD research where stated objectives of “data collection and analyses for meteorology and weather forecasting” cloak the hidden ENMOD agenda. As noted in the promotional materials of Atmospheric and Environmental Research, Inc.: ‘sensors aboard civilian and military satellite platforms measure down-looking microwave and infrared data which are used to determine properties of the atmosphere and earths surface for defense applications, weather prediction, and global change studies.” [148]

The COROLIS satellite will carry a U.S. Navy WINDSAT polarimetric microwave radiometer to measure the ocean surface wind vector on a global scale. “This technology demonstration is an important pathfinder for the National Polar-orbiting Operational Environmental Satellite System (NPOESS).” [149] The NPOESS Program is described as “the country’s combined military and civilian weather satellite programs that enable more precise monitoring of weather patterns around the Earth.”[150]

Other satellites recently launched for classified -- or ill-defined, at the very least -- ENMOD pursuits are the two NASA “research” satellites launched by a Boeing Delta 2 rocket on January 12, 2003 at Vandenburg Air Force Base. This $298 million dollar NASA mission launched their ICESat (Ice, Cloud, and land Elevation Satellite) and CHIPSat (Cosmic Hot Interstellar Plasma Spectrometer) spacecraft duo. According to NASA, “ICESat is a NASA Earth Science Enterprise spacecraft whose key purpose is contributing to understanding the impacts of global climate change” by measuring the thickness of polar ice sheets. Assembled by Ball Aerospace, ICESat will be controlled through the University of Colorado in Boulder. Both Ball and U-Colorado are clients of, or partners with, U-Mass MIRSL labs. The Ball ICESat is specifically designed for remote sensing missions and onboard technology was previously used for QuikSCAT and QuickBird missions. But like the NPOESS mission above, the true objectives of these satellite programs and missions remain shrouded in the scientific euphemisms of global climate change research and climatological assessment.

The importance of satellite platforms to environmental warfare cannot be understated. Guidelines on “weather control by space means” have already been developed, though they purport to accent the concern of scientists about the adoption of “weather mitigation technologies” for military purposes. “There is fear that such [ENMOD] technologies will be developed for military purposes notes,” Dr. Eastlund notes. “Fear may be justified, however, such fear should not stop responsible scientists from pursuing areas of research that could save lives and property.” [151]

How do we delineate the responsible scientists from the irresponsible scientists? Which category does Dr. Eastlund himself fall into? One is reminded of the statement by the environmentalist David Brower, about the preponderance of those around him to be ‘stark raving mad.” Fear of military expropriation is no reason to stop, in any case, according to Eastlund, no matter that that is the near certain outcome, and – I suggest – that Dr. Bernard J. Eastlund knows perfectly well what hidden agenda – military expropriation -- he is furthering.

The DMSP satellite constellation employs microwave imagers for weather sensoring, and like the Tropical rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM), it carries ‘some of the most advanced space based precipitation radar and microwave imaging systems.” [152] These are the kinds of futuristic-here-and-now systems enabled by U-Mass MIRSL military-funded research and development programs.

It is interesting to note that solar powered satellites were operational by 1979 – even as emerging solar technologies for public and environmental benefit were being expropriated by big oil, gas and nuclear interests.[153] These satellites have the capacity to generate extremely high power energy beams. By placing these satellites in geosynchronous or lower orbits, “we could extend the range of applicability of weather modification ideas” offering great “potential for severe weather modification,” wrote Dr. Bernard J. Eastlund.[154]

Eastlund’s Thunderstorm Solar Powered Satellite (TSPS) would use WRS-88D Doppler radar imaging systems to remotely sense and modify severe storms (with special interest in tornadoes) by zapping them with high-power beams of electromagnetic radiation. “Even though these beams would be carefully controlled,” Eastlund notes in passing, “a miss could still be dangerous biologically.” Missing the storm center, dangerous, “high-level electromagnetic radiation could strike a populated area.” [155]

Eastlund notes that the “U.N. Convention on the Prohibition of Military or Any Other Use of Environmental Modification” went into effect on October 5, 1978. To get around this minor obstacle, attention is focused on the civilian benefits of localized storm mitigation. Nonetheless, “it is our recommendation,” he wrote, “that the TSPS concept be reviewed by the U.N. and other appropriate international organizations from its inception.” [156]

It is precisely through such ostensible gate-keeper institutions (U.N., World Bank, IMF, ITTO) that the Euro-American military industrial complex has circumvented international treaties in the past. The suggestion is disingenuous, cosmetic, and irrelevant, in any case, as military ENMOD pursuits for hostile applications have proceeded unchecked since the late 1940s -- with complete impunity -- and in total violation of the 1977 ENMOD Treaty. The continuing ENMOD research of Dr. Bernard J. Eastlund offers indisputable testimony to that.

8. Academia -- Science, Self-Deception and Denial.

Through MIRSL, ECE and other alumni, the University of Massachusetts retains significant, meaningful and contemporary ties with defense and intelligence institutions, and through these ties the faculty gains critical feedback to enable them to further hone and focus their research activities in accordance with major military objectives and trends. This is standard operating procedure.

As university researchers learn what technologies corporations, agencies and institutions need, they develop programs aimed at providing the basic support research, and at developing the necessary intellectual and human capital. This is how such research programs – and the academics involved -- insure their proliferation and success. Thus are university grants written with a thorough understanding of the military and intelligence needs. Funds are subsequently provided; intellectual and human resources are developed and then transferred to the funding institutions; the cycle is then complete.

The researchers and scientists involved in the development enabling ENMOD pursuits – and other major war-fighting technologies in any case – deflect critical attention from their agendas using a variety of dismissive means and narrow justifications. If their statements are to be believed, then they are accomplished agents of self-delusion. In contradistinction, it may be – and seems most likely that – such researchers have become so completely entrenched in their areas of expertise that they are no longer able to see the sky for the clouds: secluded in their sterile laboratories and surrounded by like-minded scientists and ever validated by the military-industrial complex and its media minions, they are unaccustomed to being challenged and have grown resoundingly unconscious and preposterously arrogant. Such are the defensive manifestations of interest. It is quite reasonable, as well, to expect that such people are prone to lying outright, and getting away with it. Says MIRSL professor David McLaughlin, for example, on the question of ethics and military applications of MIRSL research and technology developments:

“We actually envision UAVs being sent out for weather purposes. UAVs under the Department of Energy are looking at clouds, understanding cloud structures, and the energy balance… But I haven”t had anything in particular that will cause me concerns. The Navy is funding us to chase hurricanes. And I can”t think of anything harmful that could come out of that. I think we are so far away from any storm modification. All I know is what I read in the journals.” [157]

Dr. David McLaughlin has received over $2 million in grants from above noted military agencies and defense contractors during his tenure at U-Mass. He is currently spearheading a major technology initiative to develop and implement an advanced national security and weather “prediction” sensor grid system that will utilize and locate MIRSL sensors and surveillance technologies on the available “real estate” being leased on the over 200,000 existing telecommunications towers across the United States. MIRSL’s lightweight millimeter-wave radars were specifically designed for military UAV applications.

MIRSL technologies have been directly adapted for other major warfare platforms, with significant applications by the U.S. Navy, particularly for anti-submarine warfare applications. MIRSL is working with the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) and California Institute of Technology to provide more futuristic millimeter-wave radars for satellite applications; MIRSL has worked extensively with the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP). MIRSL remote sensing technologies have been part of Antarctic research missions.

MIRSL’s Focused Phased Array Imaging Radar (FOPAIR) has been applied to the problems of measurements of the air-sea interface – another of those boundary zone chaos modelling programs of importance to, and funded by, the Office of Naval Research; the FOPAIR is mounted on the deep sea “FLIP” platform of the Scripps Institute of Oceanography. Notes the MIRSL brochure: “Our familiarity with advanced electronic technology is largely the result of the close associations we have developed with industry.”[158]

In a series of articles delineating the critical military importance of strategic and tactical oceanography, the U.S. Navy states very clearly that:

“Remote sensing of the ocean from satellites gives us remarkable new abilities to determine the state of the ocean over large regions in close-to-real time. Coupling this data with the tremendous power of state-of-the-art computers allows new models of the ocean to provide nowcasts (the state of the ocean now) and forecasts (the state of the ocean in the next few weeks) to Naval planners and operators, much as weather forecasts are provided by the Fleet Numerical Oceanography Center (FLENUMOCEANCEN). Satellite communications provide these forecasts to widely spread forces.” [159]

“The Navy has a long-standing commitment to coordinate and work with the national oceanographic community, and nowhere is this better illustrated than in naval oceanography’s continuous ties to academia. For example, Navy owns six large oceanographic research ships that are operated by academic institutions for use in ocean science. .. The academic institutions directly support Navy interests and, in turn, contribute to research accomplishments of the national and international communities.” [160]

“Naval oceanography’s ability to collect, analyze, and process massive amounts of environmental data, coupled with its extensive oceanographic data bases, places the Navy in a particularly important position to respond to the urgent, growing national and international need to deal with such matters as global climate change and environmental protection.” [161]

Nothing could be further from the true interests of the U.S. Navy, but it is very telling that they draw attention to the ostensible concern – and certain need – to mitigate global climate change. This is how such agencies co-opt and exploit very feel and justified public fears and concerns about global climate mayhem; meanwhile pursuing agendas that ever hostile, and arguably, disastrous to the ecological integrity of the earth.

The articles goes on to describe the importance of remote sensing and numerical computing for understanding ocean currents, energy budgets and the fundamental dynamics of ocean systems -- and the subsequent importance of these to tactical naval and anti-submarine warfare. Finally, the articles note at length the essential role of the military-academic interface.[162]

We should not fail to note that the authors of the above referenced Oceanus articles show a remarkable propensity to have swung through the revolving doors from the U.S. Navy (e.g.: ONR and/or Oceanographers of the Navy) to the Scripps or Wood Hole oceanographic institutions, or vice versa. Rear Admiral R. F. Pittenger, for example, was recently (circa 1991) appointed Arctic Coordinator for the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute. Craig E. Dorman was (circa 1991) Director, Woods Hole, and Rear Admiral U.S. Navy (Ret.). The journal Oceanus – “The International Magazine of Marine Science and Policy” -- is published by Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute.

It might also be possible that MIRSL researchers are able to maintain the façade of plausible denial and their supposed independence from active ENMOD research by collaborating in a passive “don”t ask, don”t tell” or “need-to-know” arrangement with the military. In this very real and plausible scenario, MIRSL research teams – like hurricane chasers – are not privy to the military plans and objectives, whereby cloud seeding or other environmental modification is actually taking place – for example – through the use of auxiliary aircraft unbeknownst to MIRSL teams. Hence MIRSL researchers might very sincerely believe that they are not part of ENMOD operations, no matter that they are merely uninformed about -- or close their eyes to -- the greater “mission” realities taking place around them. While this possibility is highly speculative, it is also both reasonable and likely.

We should take a moment to note the insidiousness of research institutions otherwise believed to be furthering purely scientific or academic knowledge – or protecting the earth’s environment and people. These include such monumental propaganda deceptions as:

· National Space and Aeronautics Administration (NASA)

· National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAH)

· Scripps Institute of Oceanography

· Wood Holes Institute of Oceanography

· University of Massachusetts (MIRSL)

· Massachusetts Institute of Technology

· World Wildlife Fund

· United Nations

It does not take a lot of research to establish and definitively verify the intimacy between these organizations, major corporations that revolve around a permanent warfare economy, the U.S. DOD, and the military and intelligence apparatus. NASA has become the preeminent vanguard of the militarization of space, while NOAH and the oceanography institutes serve the complementary functions – an economy of war -- in inner space and the marine environments.

One of the most important points of this study is that the lines between military and civilian, academic and industry, government and corporations, no longer exist. The only differentiating parameter is the degree of classification involved on the military side, which uses the resources, research, development, data and human inputs from the civilian side.

It should be clear enough by now that University of Massachusetts researchers are using the cover of civilian atmospheric research and geophysical monitoring to support the U.S. Department of Defense objectives from the most basic and fundamental levels to the highest echelons of classified research and development. And, by the way, we might note that the agenda of the military branch of the U.S. government might more aptly be summarized under the title Department of Offense.

9. ‘strikeStar” – Drones in Packs and Swarms:

The obvious extension of benign weather modification UAV developments is to expand UAV use to include lethal missions. Indeed, by 2025 – were we inclined to suppose that it has not already been achieved in its full or partial operational capability today -- the Air Force intends to deploy the StrikeStar UAVs. The StrikeStar is “a stealthy UAV that will be able to loiter over an area of operations for 24 hours at a range of 3,700 miles from launch base while carrying a payload of all-weather, precision weapons capable of various effects.”[163]

However, as described below, StrikeStar’s predecessors are numerous and sophisticated, and they are also engineered for lethal missions. These are very real, existing UAV “drones” and their coming dominance was secured through Star Wars entertainment films that massaged and prepared the public mind to accept and tolerate such lethal and unnecessary futuristic weaponry.

The Tier II, medium altitude endurance (MAE) UAV, also called Predator, is manufactured by General Atomics Aeronautical Systems and costs about $3.2 million per aircraft. The Predator first deployed to Bosnia in 1994 and has since returned there with two combat-related losses.

A higher performance vehicle is the Teledyne Ryan Aeronautical Conventional High Altitude Endurance (CHAE) UAV. Referred to as the Tier II+, or Global Hawk, it is designed to fulfill a post-Desert Storm requirement. Tier II+ [was] scheduled to fly in late 1997 and meet a price requirement of $10 million per unit.

The low observable high altitude endurance (LOHAE) UAV (Tier III- or DarkStar) is the final member of the… family of endurance UAVs. Manufactured by Lockheed-Martin/Boeing, DarkStar is designed to image well-protected, high-value targets with either SAR [synthetic aperture radar] or EO [electro-optical] sensors. This UAV is designed to meet a $10 million per aircraft unit flyaway price.

StrikeStar will give the war fighter a weapon with the capability to linger for 24 hours over a battlespace 3,700 miles away, and, in a precise manner, destroy or cause other desired effects over that space at will. Bomb damage assessment will occur nearly instantaneously and restrike will occur as quickly as the decision to strike can be made. StrikeStar will allow continuous coverage of the desired battlespace with a variety of precision weapons of various effects that can result in "air occupation"-the ability of aerospacepower to continuously control the environment of the area into which it is projected.

StrikeStar’s utility in the performing any future missions would be limited only by its combat payload capacity and this limitation will be offset by revolutions in weapons technology that include light-weight, high-explosive, and directed-energy technologies.

Not only could a StrikeStar hold the enemy at risk, it could produce unparalleled psychological effects through shock and surprise. In the words of Gen Ronald Fogleman, Chief of Staff, United States Air Force, ‘so, from the sky in the aerospace medium, we will be able to converge on a multitude of targets. The impact will be the classic way you win battles-with shock and surprise."

A StrikeStar could produce physical and psychological shock by dominating the fourth dimension -- time. Future CINCs could control the combat tempo at every level. Imagine the potential effect on enemies who will be unable to predict where the next blow will fall and may be powerless to defend against it.

A final task, well suited to a StrikeStar, would be covert action against trans-national threats located in politically denied territory or in situations were plausible deniability is imperative. Because of a StrikeStar’s endurance, altitude, and stealth characteristics, it could wait, undetected, over a specific area and eliminate targets upon receiving intelligence cues. If required for plausible deniability, specialized weapons could be used to erase any US fingerprint. Uniquely suited to a StrikeStar would be delivery of high-kinetic-energy penetrating weapons. [164]

Recalling that we have greatly narrowed the scope of our assessment into the military interests of ENMOD developments to focus on UAV capabilities as ENMOD platforms, we now have stated confirmation that these technologies will be used for covert action missions where specialized weapons could be used to erase any US fingerprint to insure plausible deniability.

Air Force 2025 has an entire chapter dedicated to secretive Special Operations Forces and covert operations. (Recall that these operations are accountable to no one; they perpetuate terror as a means of social control; they are amongst America’s most egregious examples of instruments of state power hostile to life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness.)[165] While impossible to verify, most likely UAVs carrying ENMOD technologies in various states of development have already been deployed on covert operations.

These drones have multiple secret, lethal and “benign” operational capabilities. UAV purchase costs alone, ignoring the monstrously high but incalculable research and development costs paid by U.S. taxpayers, range from $1 million to $20 million per unit.[166]

Many of these UAVs will carry radars, passive and active antennas, electro-optical (EO) devices and systems, phased array systems, and sophisticated weather data banks, all fundamentally enabled through the intellectual resources, and the computational, theoretical and applied research programs of the University of Massachusetts MIRSL laboratories.[167] Numerous other major aerospaceborne weapons and intelligence platforms also utilize technologies enabled by MIRSL students and scientists.

Most of these UAV configurations will deploy some level of active and lethal ENMOD capabilities. As revealed above, payloads will also include “directed energy weapons,” and when the military delineates the coming “revolutions in weapons technology that include…directed energy weapons” they do not delineate the other technologies included in the “revolutionary weapons” category. Further, note that UAV Strikestar capabilities -- beyond “target” destruction -- include causing “other desired effects over that [battle] space at will.” Similarly undefined, these “other desired effects” certainly include ENMOD capabilities already under development.

As we will see below, these are numerous means by which environmental warfare can and will be waged.

It is important here to pause and recall that military strategists and leadership, in their reports and their direct quotes – as previously delineated above – have emphatically denied the existence and military interest in even the most “benign weather modification” (BWM) technologies. That is the point of departure from which to assess the monumental scale and complexity of the weather warfare deceptions.

To reiterate, the UAV section above offers one fraction of insight into the nature of the secret ENMOD developments under pursuit by the national security apparatus. What follows is further evidence from the most widely publicized case on record.

10. Angels Don”t Play This HAARP [168]

Between August and September 1958, the US Navy exploded three fission type nuclear bombs 480 km above the South Atlantic Ocean, in the part of the lower Van Allen Belt, closest to the earth’s surface. In addition, two hydrogen bombs were detonated 160 km over Johnston Island in the Pacific. The military called this “the biggest scientific experiment ever undertaken.”

Designed by the US Department of Defense and the US Atomic Energy Commission, and code named “Project Argus,” this gigantic experiment created new (inner) magnetic radiation belts encompassing almost the whole earth, and injected sufficient electrons and other energetic particles into the ionosphere to cause worldwide effects. The electrons traveled back and forth along magnetic force lines, causing an artificial “aurora” when striking the atmosphere near the North Pole.[169]

These pioneering experiments were the first of many – some of which are ongoing today – some of which I have already mentioned, but many which I have not, that were involved with ENMOD research, development, test and deployment. These programs included:

Ø Project Cirrus (1947)

Ø Central Arizona Project

Ø Project Dallas

Ø Project Climax

Ø Project Cloud Physics

Ø Project Flatlands

Ø Project Argus (1958)

Ø Project Skyfire (1960s)

Ø Project Starfish (1962)

Ø Project Skywater (1966)

Ø Project SCUD

Ø Project Thunderstorm

Ø Project Rapid (1966-1968)

Ø Project Stormfury (1961 to 1983)

Ø Project Cloudcatcher (1969-1970)

Ø SPS: Solar Power Satellite Project (1968)

Ø Project Popeye (1960s and 1970s)

Ø Global Atmospheric Research Program (GARP)

Ø Saturn V Rocket (1975)

Ø SPS Military Implications (1978)

Ø Orbit Maneuvering System (1981)

Ø Innovative Shuttle Experiments (1985 to present)

Ø Mighty Oaks (1986)

Ø Desert Storm (1991)

Ø Poker Flat Rocket Launch (1968 to present)

Ø High Frequency Active Auroral Research Program, HAARP (1993 to present)

The details of many of these are readily available. Note that the Air Forces’ Project Stormfury continued in ENMOD pursuits for five years subsequent to the U.S. ratification of the 1977 International ENMOD treaty.

Perhaps the most comprehensively documented of the above programs – at least in the unclassified literature -- is the High Frequency Active Auroral Research Program – HAARP – investigated in detail and documented in the book Angels Don”t Play This HAARP. This huge experiment being conducted in Alaska uses very large arrays of transmitters and receivers to generate energy beamed into the upper atmosphere. (The research will be briefly summarized here.) According to authors Nick Begich and Jeane Manning:

HAARP will zap the upper atmosphere with a focused and steerable electromagnetic beam. It is an advanced model of an `ionospheric heater.” (The ionosphere is the electrically charged sphere surrounding Earth’s upper atmosphere. It ranges between about 40 to 600 miles above Earth’s surface.)

Angels Don”t Play This HAARP cites an expert who says the military studied both lasers and chemicals that they figured could damage the ozone layer over an enemy. Looking at ways to cause earthquakes, as well as to detect them, was part of the project named Prime Argus, decades ago. The money for that came from the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA, now under the acronym ARPA.)

In 1994 the Air Force revealed its Spacecast 2020 master plan, which includes weather control. Scientists have experimented with weather control since the 1940s, but Spacecast 2020 notes: “using environmental modification techniques to destroy, damage or injure another state are prohibited.” Having said that, the Air Force claimed that advances in technology “compels a reexamination of this sensitive and potentially risky topic.” [170]

According to Dr. Rosalie Bertell, the U.S. Military’s first target under the HAARP program is the electrojet: a river of electricity that flows thousands of miles through the sky and down into the polar icecap. The electrojet will become a vibrating artificial antenna for sending electromagnetic radiation raining down on the earth. The U.S. military can then “X-ray” the earth and talk to submarines.[171]

No surprise, by the way, aerospace systems are some of the most disruptive agents leading to global climatic mayhem. Says Bertell:

“During the 1980s, rocket launches globally numbered about 500 to 600 a year, peaking at 1500 in 1989. There were many more during the Gulf War. The Shuttle is the largest of the solid fuel rockets, with twin 45-meter boosters. All solid fuel rockets release large amounts of hydrochloric acid in their exhaust, each Shuttle flight injecting about 75 tons of ozone destroying chlorine into the stratosphere. Those launched since 1992 inject even more ozone-destroying chlorine, about 187 tons, into the stratosphere (which contains the ozone layer).[172]

In researching Angels Don”t Play This HAARP, the authors discovered numerous patents associated with the HAARP program for nuclear weapons, atmospheric disturbances and, of course, weather (ENMOD) weaponry. Many of these were originally controlled by ARCO Power Technologies Incorporated (APTI), a subsidiary of Atlantic Richfield Company, one of the biggest oil companies in the world. APTI was the contractor that built the HAARP facility. ARCO sold this subsidiary, the patents and the second phase construction contract to E-Systems in June 1994.[173]

Raytheon, one of the largest defense contractors in the world, bought out E-Systems. Raytheon has thousands of patents, some of which will be valuable to HAARP. Twelve patents [comprise] the backbone of the HAARP project, and are now buried among the thousands of others held in the name of Raytheon.

Bernard J. Eastlund’s U.S. Patent # 4,686,605, "Method and Apparatus for Altering a Region in the Earth’s Atmosphere, Ionosphere, and/or Magnetosphere" was sealed for a year under a government Secrecy Order. The Eastlund ionospheric heater was different: the radio frequency (RF) radiation was concentrated and focused to a point in the ionosphere. This difference throws an unprecedented amount of energy into the ionosphere. This huge difference could lift and change the ionosphere in the ways necessary to create futuristic effects described in the patent.

What would this technology be worth to ARCO, the owner of the patents? They could make enormous profits by beaming [wireless] electrical power from a powerhouse in the gas fields to the consumer. For a time, HAARP researchers could not prove that this was one of the intended uses for HAARP. In April 1995, however, Begich found other patents, connected with a “key personnel” list for APTI. Some of these new APTI patents were indeed a wireless system for sending electrical power.

Again, it is no surprise to find significant evidence that the military has directly pursued the ENMOD research and weather weapons capabilities discussed with trepidation by national science adviser Gordon J.F. McDonald (cited above) who, as early as 1968, articulated the dynamics of energy perturbations, thresholds and instabilities.[174]

The patent said: “Thus, this invention provides the ability to put unprecedented amounts of power in the Earth’s atmosphere at strategic locations and to maintain the power injection level, particularly if random pulsing is employed, in a manner far more precise and better controlled than heretofore accomplished by the prior art, particularly by detonation of nuclear devices of various yields at various altitudes...”

“Weather modification is possible by, for example, altering upper atmosphere wind patterns by constructing one or more plumes of atmospheric particles which will act as a lens or focusing device. ... molecular modifications of the atmosphere can take place so that positive environmental effects can be achieved. Besides actually changing the molecular composition of an atmospheric region, a particular molecule or molecules can be chosen for increased presence.

The military has had about twenty years to work on weather warfare methods. The U.S. Department of Defense sampled lightning and hurricane manipulation studies in Project Skyfire and Project Stormfury. And they looked at some complicated technologies that would give big effects.

The HAARP project is the test run for a super-powerful radio wave beaming technology that lifts areas of the ionosphere by focusing a beam and heating those areas. Electromagnetic waves then bounce back onto Earth and penetrate everything-living and dead. HAARP publicity gives the impression that this is mainly an academic project with the goal of changing the ionosphere to improve communications for our own good. However, other US military documents put it more clearly: HAARP aims to learn how to exploit the ionosphere for Department of Defense purposes. Communicating with submarines is only one of those purposes.[175]

In light of the conclusive evidence of weather warfare capabilities outlined above it is instructive to revisit the recent statements by USAF Major Barry B. Coble and USAF Director of Weather Brig. General Fred Lewis – both previously cited herein:

We want to anticipate and exploit the weather, not modify it. (Lewis)

DOD funding for weather modification research peaked at $2.8 million in 1977. Funding was eliminated in 1979. Since then there has been no active research effort into weather modification by DOD. The Air Force spends no money on research, and there is no effort to monitor civilian research, applications and advancements. The Army’s program, “Owning the Weather for the Battlefield,” deals only with incorporating weather information into the digitized battlefield of the future. Efforts to modify the weather for battle are not being pursued. (Coble)

And, of course, were we similarly inclined to trust what we have been told, Lee Harvey Oswald, a lone gunman, assassinated John F. Kennedy.

11. Contrails – God Bless America.

Early efforts at ENMOD operations using the exhaust streams of jet engines in flight to disperse cloud-seeding agents were briefly described in section 2 above. To begin this section readers should begin by noting that the Air Force 2025 document outlines ENMOD operations based on disbursement of substances through jet engine afterburners.

Numerous dispersal techniques have already been studied, but the most convenient, safe and cost-effective method discussed is the use of afterburner-type jet engines to generate carbon particles while flying through the targeted air. This method is based on injection of liquid hydrocarbon fuel into the afterburner’s combustion gases.[176]

Naturally, as with the military’s “interests” in ionospheric modification programs (HAARP) for military communications benefits, we are again told here that “no known military applications of this technology have been realized.”[177] What is more alarming however is the evidence that the agents being dispersed by these methods are not at all ‘safe” as described above.

This ENMOD subject area, euphemistically known as CONTRAILS – for condensation trails – but more appropriately dubbed CHEMTRAILS – for chemical trails -- has become a major area of public inquiry and alarm, as evidenced by the range of critiques and analyses posted on the Internet, the citizens groups taking action against it, and the petitions to the U.S. Congress calling for a full scale investigation.

• CONTRAILS: Contrails or condensation trails form above 33,000 feet when hot engine exhaust momentarily condenses ice crystals into pencil-thin vapor trails that quickly vanish like the wake behind a boat, according to the U.S. Air Force.

• CHEMTRAILS: Chemtrails or chemical trails look like contrails, but are much thicker. Instead of quickly dissipating, chemtrails proliferate for hours, difusing into the air and joining together to form a thin, white veil that persists all day.

According to a large citizen’s research group: since 1998, U.S. Air Force tanker planes have been intensively spraying broad white plumes over virtually every major city and rural areas in the U.S. and Canada. Chemtrail spray planes have also been sighted over England, Europe, Australia, Mexico, Bahamas, Brazil, Croatia and Puerto Rico. Thousands of eyewitnesses -- including pilots, police officers and military personnel -- report seeing up to eight or more tankers laying chemtrails in X-patterns, parallel rows, tic-tac-toe or cross-hatched lines.[178]

According to ENMOD expert and author Dr. Rosalie Bertell, “I am absolutely certain that chemtrails are happening.” [179]

Notes author Bob Fitrakis:

“The grid patterns of jet chemtrails now spotted throughout the Western world are likely the application of these [Soviet Union] ENMOD technologies to new military and civilian uses.”

“U.S. patent number 6315213…is described as a method of modifying the weather and should concern the public. A scientist from Wright-Patterson Air Force Base acknowledges that planes are spraying barium salt, polymer fibers [read: plastics], aluminum oxide and other chemicals in the atmosphere to both modify the weather and for military communications purposes.”

“On April 24, 2001 the New York Times reported that [father of the H-bomb, Edward] Teller “has promoted the idea of manipulating the Earth’s atmosphere to counteract global warming.” The computer simulations on the use of aluminum oxide to counter global warming come from the Lawrence Livermore Weapons Laboratory, where Teller serves as Director Emiritus.”

“Investigative reporter William Thomas holds that there is a link between the recent increase in asthma, allergies and upper respiratory ailments and the chemical spraying. Sound crazy? Remember, it sounded absurd when reports first came out that the government had conducted radioactivity experiments on U.S. citizens and released radiation from nuclear plants to test the effect on civilian populations. It sounded bizarre when news first filtered out that the government was engaged in the Project MK-ULTRA mind-control experiments using LSD. The CIA and Defense Intelligence Agency admit they were responsible for many of the UFO sightings in the 1950s in order to explain away experimental military technology.” [180]

As an aside to the main theme of this writing, we can be reasonably assured that at least some of the UFO sightings reported throughout the 1950s and 1960s were due to secret aerospace and intelligence programs, including psychological operations (Psyops) by the intelligence community. As noted in the above paragraph, the CIA and DIA have admitted to fabricating reports of UFO sightings in order to mask the very real sightings of futuristic aerospace technologies. This can be easily understood in the context of secret aerospace research and development programs needing to test prototypes of top secret airborne weapons and platforms while simultaneously needing to deter and deny any public knowledge of their existence. Such platforms certainly included the single Nazi prototype of the Go 229 V3 flying wing; the CIA’s secret “assets” the Helio Courier; the early experimental prototypes of UAVs; and other weapons and intelligence “assets” which have yet to emerge from black programs of the defense establishment. It is likely that some of the disc-shaped objects reported as UFOs were/are the aerospace test-beds for anti-gravity propulsion systems – developed and tested at Groom Lake.

As for the CIA’s Project MK-ULTRA, this secret program born in the “50s went far beyond “mind-control experiments using LSD.” Unaware that there were guinea pigs for the CIA, and sometimes forcibly held against their will, subjects were given a ‘sleep cocktail” of varying doses of Thorazine, Nembutal, Seconal, Veronal and Phenergan, and then subjected to 150 volts of electroshock for periods twenty to ninety times longer than normally applied by physicians, two to three times a day for fifteen to thirty days, and sometimes as long as sixty-five days.[181]

The CIA was interested in creating a blank mind that could be reprogrammed. The Rockefeller Foundation funded the sensory deprivation MK-ULTRA research, and the program continued for 20 years, involving over 750 subjects. Nelson Rockefeller and CIA Technical Services Director Dr. Sidney Gottlieb were intimately involved; the program was shielded behind the National Institute for Health.[182] As President Eisenhower’s special representative to the Special Planning Coordination Group – the NSC ‘special Group” charged with covert operations – Rockefeller also had oversight responsibilities for the CIA’s development of its clandestine aviation capabilities. The formal U.S. “national security” doctrine of “plausible deniability” was born under President Eisenhower and Nelson Rockefeller and the ‘special Group”. [183]

It is curious to note that right-wing apologists for the permanent warfare economy often seek to deflect attention from legitimate issues and government activities like black programs, covert operations, assassinations, CIA drug-running operations, mind-control experiments and similar realities, by labeling them as “conspiracy theories” and then ridiculing those who attempt to bring such very real programs and activities to light as “conspiracy theorists”. In this vein, the specter of “black helicopters” is often thrown up as some sort of outrageous product of the conspiracy theorist’s imagination – entities having no basis in fact.

On the contrary, black helicopters are very real -- products of Sikorsky, United Technologies and others – and the deployment of these black helicopters in operations designed to perpetuate terror are equally real. Two examples of U.S.-supported terrorist operations using black helicopters procured from the U.S. warmaking establishment come quickly to mind: [1] black helicopters have been deployed under Plan Columbia, where innocent men, women and children in Columbia are suffering under U.S. led military operations perpetuated in the interests of oil, drugs and money-laundering; and [2] black helicopters have been used by the government of Sarawak, Malaysia, to terrorize indigenous people who have blockaded roads to stop the indiscriminate pillage of their traditional lands, the logging of tropical forests in particular, and the concomitant genocide of the indigenous people.[184]

12. The Revolving Doors of Secrecy and Denial.

It is interesting to note the extended connections between so-called “civilian” university research programs, their graduates, and the institutions of secrecy where ENMOD and weather warfare technologies are most likely – and, it seems, certainly -- under development.

A major player at least peripherally, if not totally, involved in the secret arena of ENMOD warfare technology research, development and deployment is Science Applications International Corporation – SAIC -- the original developer of Department of Defense information technologies like Arpanet – the military precursor to the Internet. UCLA Professor Mario Gerla developed the communications structure for the Multimedia Intelligent Network of Unattended Mobile Agents, or Minuteman project, described above (Section 5): Dr. Gerla worked for the US government on the Arpanet.[185] As noted above, computational superiority – the Internet and other supercomputing and information technologies – is a turnkey technology for ENMOD realization.

Raytheon Corporation and GE Aerospace are both major players and both have had major collaborative programs with the University of Massachusetts Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering (ECE). In the 1980s both corporations hired and then funded U-Mass ECE graduate students who went on to work for them. The GE / U-Mass Microwave Master’s Engineering Program was one such collaboration, discontinued by the early 1990s. [186] The Raytheon collaboration continues, and Raytheon currently employs numerous former ECE and MIRSL (Microwave Remote Sensing Laboratory) Master’s and Ph.D. graduate students.

Raytheon’s Surveillance and Reconnaissance Systems Division produces a wide array of “highly advanced tactical and strategic sensors” for major air and space programs: key products [were] deployed to Afghanistan in support of Operation Enduring Freedom, including the Integrated Sensor Suite onboard the Global Hawk (UAV) and AAS-52 Multi-Spectral Targeting System aboard the RQ-1 Predator (UAV). A 2001 contract award is upgrading the intelligence gathering capability of the U-2 aircraft. Raytheon provides the Tactical Control System ground stations for major UAV programs including Global Hawk, RQ-1 Predator, Shadow and Fire Scout UAVs. Raytheon Technical Services provides support for some 50 scientists working through the winter at the South Pole.[187]

Directors of Raytheon Corporation (2002) include John Deutch, also an Institute Professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, a former Deputy Secretary of Defense (under Clinton) and Director of Intelligence at the CIA (circa 1996). John Deutch is also a director of Cummins Engine Company, closely aligned with General Dynamics, Boeing, Lockheed, and the media giant Gannett Company. He is also a past paid consultant to Martin Marietta.[188] The Gannett media conglomerate shares directors with Lockheed McCorkindale), and Cummins engine (James A. Johnson).

Raytheon Director John. H. Tilelli, Jr., retired as General from the U.S. Army (2000), was in charge of Command operations in Operation Desert Shield and Desert Storm. Tilelli is now President and CEO of Cypress International, a private military corporation serving elite DOD and intelligence interests (in some untransparent capacity).

It is important to note that John H. Tilelli was also General, U.S. Army, Commander in Korea, and that South Korea has major ongoing ENMOD programs certainly developed under U.S. military tutelage. These Korean ENMOD programs include:

• Multipurpose Stratospheric Long-Endurance Airship Development Project
• Cost: 175 billion Korean won
• Duration 12/2000 to 09/2007
• Long-Endurance Unmanned Basic Technology Study
• Cost: 4 billion Korean won
• Duration: 01/2000 to 12/2004

Following other programs underway in China and Japan (since 1998), the Korea programs are integral to aerospace warfighting, weather-making and C3IST/R capabilities. These efforts are a collaboration of the Korea Aerospace Research Institute (KARI) and -- it should be no surprise to learn -- the Office of Naval Research.[189] KARI is also behind the Korea Multi-Purpose Satellite (KOMPSAT) program -- a series of multipurpose satellites (first one launched 1999) for “earth resources sensing and scientific experiments.” Supporting KOMPSAT is TRW.[190]

Recall that GE Research Labs at Schenectady pioneered early weather modification experiments through Project Cirrus in the 1940s. GE Aerospace Electronics Laboratory, Syracuse, (NY), was heavily involved in research and design of beyond state-of-the-art technologies for aerospace radar, communications, EW, C4ISR, C4IST and SATCOM (satellite communications) applications. Major programs pursued through the 1980s supported larger GE in-house contracts and industry partnerships (e.g. Hughes, Boeing, Lockheed) contracts on SBR (Space-Based Radar), DMSP and MILSTAR satellite constellations, and other defense programs. (Hughes Space and Communications Company is a leading satellite supplier for NASA and U.S. DOD.) A major thrust of the laboratory was the development of GaAs (gallium arsenide) integrated circuits to enable planned Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) sensors and weapons technologies. The Electronics Laboratory was involved in numerous highly restricted classified programs. It was one of the many GE Aerospace assets purchased by Lockheed-Martin in the early 1990s.

A company called Prosensing Inc., (Amherst, MA), was created by a Ph.D. graduate of the MIRSL programs; other MIRSL graduates retain key Prosensing management and research positions. Prosensing recently (circa 2001) merged with another local company called Quadrant Engineering. University of Massachusetts MIRSL Professors Calvin T. Swift and Robert E. Macintosh (d. 1997) founded Quadrant Engineering in 1981.[191] Quadrant and Prosensing work with numerous Department of Defense contractors, including the Office of Naval Research (ONR); Air Force Research Lab (AFRL) at Hanscom AFB (MA); NASA and NOAH.

At least one Ph. D. candidate currently enrolled in the MIRSL programs has a NATO Secret security clearance.[192] Access to some University of Massachusetts buildings – including the building housings the offices of professors – requires card keys. Several graduate students now work with Massachusetts Institute of Technology Lincoln Labs – also involved in highly classified space and defense programs. At least one MIRSL Ph. D. graduate is now employed by SAIC – again, one of the most secretive institutions of the National Security apparatus.

SAIC has ongoing collaborations with Bechtel – another of the world’s most secretive aerospace technology, energy infrastructure and defense contractors, and one with ties to the intelligence community at the highest and deepest levels.[193] SAIC works closely with DARPA – Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency -- the granting agency behind HAARP and many other secretive advanced research and development programs.[194]

SAIC directors include: U.S. Navy Admiral B.R. Inman (Ret.); U.S. Army General W.A. Downing (Ret.); and U.S. Air Force General J.A. Welch (Ret.).[195] (SAIC also has an ongoing collaboration with the multibillion-dollar pharmaceutical giant Bristol Myers Squibb (BMS). Unsurprisingly, through shared directorships, BMS is economically and politically aligned with the New York Times Corporation.) SAIC has long been entrenched with major oil, gas and nuclear interests. SAIC has also been flagged for involvement in highly questionable U.S. mercenary activities and human rights violations in Africa.[196]

No surprise either, SAIC provides major support for core agencies of the U.S. intelligence apparatus – the National Reconnaissance Office – and SAIC has invested heavily in advanced Unmanned Aerial Vehicles. The NRO is/was a major pillar of the national security apparatus, enmeshed with the National Security Agency (far more critical and secretive than the CIA), and the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). The NRO builds and operates America’s spy satellites, and they specialize in intelligence-gathering and information warfare. In recent years, the NRO has implemented a series of actions declassifying some of its operations. The organization itself was declassified in September 1992 followed in 1994 by the declassification of the location of its headquarters in Chantilly, VA.

The pivotal -- if somewhat obscure -- position that SAIC occupies in the defense and intelligence matrix can be gleaned somewhat by considering that in July 2002, when General Atomics sold state-of-the-art LYNX radar systems to the U.S. Army, the deal was procured through Science Applications International Corporation (SAIC). Used on both manned and UAV platforms, the superior resolution and range of the LYNX system enables full operational capability -- even through clouds and rain.[197]

The Vigilante Vertical Takeoff and Landing UAV was first developed and later refined under SAIC’s internal R&D program. SAIC recently received a Navy contract to deliver a reengineered version of Vigilante and fly it in a tactical demonstration. Clearly delineating the expected uses of these UAVs in their Annual Report – always for the betterment of the civilized world --- SAIC notes that Vigilante applications “could include border surveillance, oil pipeline monitoring, and special operations missions.” (No doubt these special operations missions will further secure American military superiority at the expense of the world’s innocent, poor -- and already disenfranchised – people.)

Former SAIC senior Vice-President David Overskei also served as a former senior Vice-president for General Atomics. David Overskei sits on the San Diego Telecoms Council with now SAIC Corporate Vice-President Carl Silva, and he is one of the directors of a defense and intelligence insider company called Polexis Incorporated. Executives David E. Baldwin of General Atomics, Harold Forsen of Bechtel (Ret.), and John Davis of Boeing Company all hold director’s seats for the Fusion Power Association, a public relations trade group for the nuclear (fusion) industry.

Polexis Inc. directors include Vice-Admiral USN Jerry O. Tuttle, a 39-year veteran flyer of advanced aerospace platforms with the U.S. Navy; former Director of SPAWAR (Space and Electronic Warfare Command) 1989-1994; former Director for C3 systems on the Joint Chiefs of Staff; and former Deputy Director for Intelligence at the Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA). (Tuttle is also involved with Oracle Systems Corporation: Oracle counts among its directors former U.S. Republican Vice-Presidential candidate Jack Kemp.) Note that the Joint Chiefs of Staff is essentially special operations programs control, and the liaison agency through which special (covert) operations are designated and implemented.

Polexis director Jeffrey S. Herman is a former SPAWAR researcher responsible for oversight of Polexis programs with DARPA and SPAWAR. Through numerous DOD agencies, Polexis directors Barret Richey and Micheal Glasgow both have deep historical ties to classified intelligence and defense programs agencies. Polexis partners include SAIC; the MITRE Corporation; Bechtel; Lockheed Martin; General Atomics and Northrup Grumman.

When SAIC says that they “lead a multi-contractor team that provides performance analysis of future systems architectures” we can be sure that these “future systems” include highly secretive “black” programs buried in the belly of the beast. Amongst these, no doubt, are weather warfare technologies and expertise.

Our space experts also analyze programs and alternatives in conjunction with the National Security Space Architect, Air Force Space Command, and National Reconnaissance Office. Our engineers are developing and integrating systems to collect and process information, and to enable correlation and coordinated communication of battle conditions. For the Air Force Space and Missile Systems Center, we provide planning, systems engineering, and integration for advanced space development and warfighter exploitation… Today’s environment and infrastructure challenges demand the ability to understand, integrate, and optimize natural processes and human systems. [198]

Again, it would be naïve, irresponsible and absurd to assume that the U.S. defense-intelligence apparatus is pursuing such lethal and comprehensive weapons technologies, but ignoring ENMOD research and development that might deny U.S. forces optimal conditions, or give “the enemy” some military (environmental) advantage. How does a military force “optimize natural processes?”

Although I have posed such rhetorical questions repeatedly, it seems fairly clear that weather warfare and hostile ENMOD technologies are under development. Indeed, some have already been deployed and tested, and many, apparently, are in transition to full operational capacity. However, to drive the point home one more time, were we to assume that military spokespeople were sincere and honest – an assumption clearly disproved at this point -- we could merely note the plethora of studies and documents further clarifying the military’s active pursuit of ENMOD capabilities. I will provide a brief list, by no means exhaustive, to complement the numerous programs, publications and references already cited.

Please note the dates (presented here in reverse chronological order) and sponsors of these publications, all produced in the past 20 years and – notably – long after the 1977 International ENMOD treaty came into effect. Last, please consider the likelihood that significant ENMOD research and development occurs under the cover of friendly client regimes in other countries (Brazil and South Korea provide two documented examples): hence the preservation of highly classified top-secret material as indicated below.

A. Barnes, “Weather Modification,” Proceedings of TECOM Test Technology Symposium, 97, U.S. Army Test and Evaluation Command, March 18, 1997.

HAARP Research & Applications – Executive Summary, Technical Information Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC, June, 1995.[199]

Christopher Centner, et al., Environmental Warfare: Implications for Policymakers and War Planners, Maxwell AFB, Ala.: Air Command and Staff College, May 1995.

G. E. James, “Chaos Theory: The Essentials for Military Applications,” ACSC Theater Air Campaign Studies Course Book, AY96, Vol. 8. Maxwell AFB, Ala.: Air University Press, 1995.

SPACECAST 2020, Space Weather Support for Communications, White paper G. Maxwell AFB, Ala.: Air War College/2020, 1994.

Capt Edward E. Hume Jr., Atmospheric and Space Environmental Research Programs in Brazil (U), March 1993. Foreign Aerospace Science and Technology Center, Air Force Intelligence Command, 24 September 1992. (Secret) Information extracted is unclassified.

Capt Mike Johnson, Upper Atmospheric Research and Modification-Former Soviet Union (U), supporting document DST-18205-475-92, Foreign Aerospace Science and Technology Center, AF Intelligence Command, 24 September 1992. (Secret) Information extracted is unclassified.

Edward M. Tomlinson, Kenneth C. Young, and Duane D. Smith Laser Technology Applications for Dissipation of Warm Fog at Airfields, PL-TR-92-2087. Hanscom AFB, Mass.: Air Force Materiel Command, 1992.

Robert A. Sutherland, “Results of Man-Made Fog Experiment,” in Proceedings of the 1991 Battlefield Atmospherics Conference, Fort Bliss, Tex.: Hinman Hall, 3-6 December 1991.

Peter M. Banks, “Overview of Ionospheric Modification from Space Platforms,” in Ionospheric Modification and Its Potential to Enhance or Degrade the Performance of Military Systems, AGARD Conference Proceedings 485, October 1990, 19-1.

Lewis M. Duncan and Robert L. Showen, “Review of Soviet Ionospheric Modification Research,” in Ionospheric Modification and Its Potential to Enhance or Degrade the Performance of Military Systems AGARD Conference Proceedings 485, October 1990.

Paul A. Kossey, et al. “Artificial Ionospheric Mirrors (AIM): Concept and Issues,” in Ionospheric Modification and its Potential to Enhance or Degrade the Performance of Military Systems, AGARD Conference Proceedings 485, October 1990.

A. Drobot et al, Physics Studies in Artificial Ionospheric Mirror (AIM) Related Phenomena, Report GL-TR-90-0038, Geophysics Laboratory, Air Force Systems Command, Hanscom Air Force Base, MA, February 23, 1990.

Alaska North Slope Electric Missile Shield, Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), Contract No. DAAHD1-86-C-0420, February 1986, Arlington, VA.

13. Friends In High Places.

Revisiting important details illuminated in this report, and tying them together here, provides significant insight into the nature of the machinery behind the clandestine intelligence and security apparatus and the implications for the subject of secret ENMOD development and operations.

The history and nature of Project Corona -- as one secret program recently declassified – offers a convenient doorway through which we can pass to explore the shrouds of secrecy and denial behind which ENMOD operations are proceeding. Corona documents reveal that satellite reconnaissance operations (1960-1972) were directed by top brass: including then CIA Director John McCone, then CIA Clandestine Services chief Richard Bissell (CIA director, from 1965), intelligence and security insider Dr. Eugene Fubini, and Cyrus Vance, DOD official (1960), Secretary of the Army (1962) and then Deputy Secretary of Defense (1963).[200]

George Bush Sr. began his association with the CIA in 1960, as Corona transitioned into full operation with satellite’s spying on cold war enemies, and just as ENMOD capabilities began to show promise, and secure major institutional support. He was appointed Director of the CIA in 1976, and he was one of the cold warrior architects of the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) – Ronald Reagan’s supposed pet program – “Star Wars.”

Secretary of Defense Cyrus Vance later became Secretary of State under the Jimmy Carter Administration; he was also a director of the New York Times Corporation in the 1990s.[201] He was an insider to his death, and his role at one of the world’s premier institutions of perception management, the New York Times, should be appreciated for what it was: an elite director of editorial policy at the highest levels.

General Alexander Haig came to his warmaking maturity in parallel with the evolving militarization of space. Upon graduating from the U.S. Military Academy in 1947, Haig advanced through a number of military assignments, serving in Japan, Korea, Europe and Vietnam. Haig served in major posts in the Nixon, Ford and Reagan (Secretary of State, 1981-1982) administrations, and he was Senior Military Advisor to Dr. Henry Kissinger on the National Security Council. A CEO of aerospace giant United Technologies Corporation (UTC) prior to his appointment as Nixon’s White House Chief of Staff in the seventies, Haig remains today a director of UTC.

Like so many other premier American warmakers, General Alexander Haig is intimately involved with the shaping of the American mind through his many major interests in the news and entertainment media. Haig is on the Board of Advisors for the Corporation for Maintaining Editorial Diversity in America, a right-wing, warmaking front group openly backing the right-wing National Review Magazine. As pointed out above, Haig is a director for major media giant America Online, for the mammoth Hollywood films corporations Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM), and he hosts a weekly business discussion TV program called World Business Review.

General Alexander Haig Consults with corporate executives John Balaguer, President, Pratt & Whitney Government Engines & Space Propulsion, and Ben Rich, Vice President, Lockheed Advanced Development Company. General Haig is currently senior advisor to United Technologies Corp. and on the Board of Directors for America Online, Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Inc., & MGM Grand.[202]

United Technologies is a major aerospace corporation, with subsidiaries Pratt & Whitney (advanced aerospace engines and propulsion systems), and Sikorsky (advanced Blackhawk and Seahawk and black helicopter programs) operating in major partnerships with Boeing Aerospace. UTC director Jamie S. Gorelick serves on the Central Intelligence Agency’s (CIA) National Security Advisory panel, while UTC director H. Patrick Swygert is a member of the National Security Agency (NSA) Advisory Board. UTC-Sikorsky helicopters are a standard feature of US defense and intelligence special operations.

.

Former CIA director John McCone was as close to the privately held mercenary Bechtel Corporation as one could get, short of being born into the Bechtel family: in 1937 McCone teamed with Steve Bechtel to form Bechtel-McCone Corporation, a military industrial juggernaut with deep intelligence connections. John McCone later became Deputy Secretary of Defense (1948); Under Secretary of the Air Force (1950-51); Chairman of the secretive Atomic Energy Commission (1958-1960); and CIA Director (1961-1965). John McCone was chairman of the NSF during Project Mercury. A close comrad of Eisenhower, John McCone was also very close to Allen Dulles – McCone’s predecessor as director of Central Intelligence.[203]

Bechtel has always been politically untouchable. Ronald Reagan appointed then Bechtel Group President George Schultz as his Secretary of State (1982?) and Bechtel Vice-President and General Counsel Casper Weinberger as his Secretary of War: both men had guided Reagan’s presidential campaign. Casper Weinberger was a linchpin in the covert Iran-Contra Arms scandal, and, like then CIA director George Bush (I), he was central to the clandestine drugs operations and organized crime that led to the U.S. invasion of Panama (Operation Just Cause, 1989). Kenneth Davis, Bechtel V.P. in charge of nuclear construction (1972-1982) was appointed Deputy Secretary of Energy under Ronald Reagan in 1982.[204] Long-time Bechtel executive Richard P. Godwin (died, March 3, 2005) was appointed as the Department of Defenses’ first undersecretary of procurement in 1987, the third ranking DOD official under Defense Secretary Casper Weinberger and Deputy Secretary Howard Taft IV.[205] It is likely, as mentioned previously, that Bechtel was involved in the top-secret construction of Groom Lake (Area 51). George Schultz returned, and remains, a director of the Bechtel Group.

Reagan’s Middle East envoy Philip Habib served as a private consultant to Bechtel: Habib was a career state department official from the 1950s, a senior advisor to the Secretary of State (1979-1980), and a resident fellow of the Hoover Institution think tank. Of course, prior to his Presidency, Reagan was for years a key spokesman and speech-giver, who was ever bringing good things to life – weapons, PCBs and nuclear waste – for General Electric. Francis Blake, now deputy energy secretary under George Bush (I), was a senior vice president at General Electric. Previously he was vice president and general counsel for GE Power Systems. GE contributed more than $100,000 to the Bush (I) presidential campaign and his inaugural committee.

Bechtel is entrenched in black operations, nuclear weapons production and military construction contracts. Bechtel Bettis, Inc. operates the Naval Reactors Facility that reports to DOE’s Pittsburgh Naval Operations Office. Bechtel is also involved with SAIC in the development of the Yucca Mountain High-Level Nuclear Waste dump in Nevada (and the Central Artery reconstruction project in Boston).

GE director Douglas Warner is a member of the Board of Counselors for the Bechtel Group, and a director of JP Morgan. Ditto for Morgan director Riley P. Bechtel -- the Chairman, CEO, and Director of the private Bechtel Group. JP Morgan director Douglas Yearley is a director of Lockheed-Martin and, through his interlocking directorships with Phelps Dodge, Yearley (read: Lockheed) is closely associated with long-time Phelps Dodge executive George B. Munroe – who is also a director of the New York Times Company. Note as well that Douglas Yearley is a member of the National Council of the World Wildlife Fund and a director of the Compatible Ventures Group of The Nature Conservancy (emphasis added). JP Morgan director Hanna H. Gray is a director of Cummins Engine Company, and Atlantic Richfield (ARCO) – the latter being a primary player behind the HAARP project in Alaska. Morgan director Martin Feldstein is a director of TRW. Morgan director Richard D. Simmons is the President and Director of the International Herald Tribune, and director of the Washington Post Company and Yankee Publishing.

Bechtel National Incorporated (Riley P. Bechtel Chairman and CEO) is teamed with BWX Technologies (BWXT) at the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory. BWXT is a subsidiary of McDermott International, one of the largest aircraft carrier, nuclear submarine and submarine propulasion, and petroleum industry construction contractors in the world. McDermott director Bruce DeMars is a former U.S. Navy Admiral (Ret.), responsible for all major nuclear navy operations (1988-1996). McDermott director Kathryn D. Sullivan was formerly Chief Scientist for NOAA (1992-1996) and a NASA space shuttle astronaut from 1978 to 1992.

BWXT is deeply entrenched in the national laboratories nuclear weapons complex, including INEL, Oak Ridge and Los Alamos National Laboratories. The nuclear weapons complex is a good candidate cover for development of black programs ENMOD weapons of mass destruction.

The following information is lifted straight out of the Bechtel Annual Report 2002:

Weapons of Mass Destruction Training Program

Even before September 11 cast a spotlight on national security, the Nevada Test Site north of Las Vegas was taking aim at terrorism. Managed by Bechtel Nevada for the U.S. Department of Energy’s National Nuclear Security Administration, the site supports national security and U.S. intelligence and defense efforts, designs emergency response programs, monitors consequences of terrorist acts, and develops technologies to fight terrorism… The site also operates Remote Sensing and Special Technologies laboratories.

To reiterate, the Nevada Test Site “also operates Remote Sensing and Special Technologies laboratories.” And there it is, one of the primary candidate sites for the ongoing black operations in ENMOD weapons research, design, development, test and deployment.

President Richard Nixon’s Director of Central Intelligence, Richard Helms, later served as a Bechtel consultant. Recall that Helms personally ordered Dr. Sidney Gottlieb – CIA Chief of Office of Technical Services -- to destroy all records of his experiments in developing the poison he hand-carried to the Congo to assassinate Patrice Lumumba (1961), and that Helms was convicted of perjury in 1977 for lying outright to a U.S. Senate Subcommittee about the CIA clandestine terrorism against Salvadore Allende and the people of Chile.[206]

With the field support of William Colby, then CIA operative and Special Ambassador to Vietnam (and later a CIA Director himself), CIA Director Richard Helms was one of the chief architects of Project Pheonix: the clandestine U.S. assassinations operation where U.S. soldiers routinely tortured, raped and pillaged Vietnamese civilians, with between 20,000 and 40,000 Vietnamese murdered.[207] The chemical defoliants (Agent Orange) used in the U.S. saturation bombing of Vietnam were developed by the CIA’s Dr.Gottlieb. Meanwhile, the secret Vietnam era ENMOD “pilot program” Project Popeye was seeding clouds over Southeast Asia. It is notable that the Air Force itself called this a “pilot” program, indicating that there was probably far more programs and operations on the drawing board, if not in operation at the time.[208]

Now U.S. Vice-President Dick Cheney succeeded Donald Rumsfeld as White House Chief of Staff under the Gerald Ford Administration (circa 1976). Dick Cheney is a former CEO of Halliburton Corporation, to which he retains deep ties. Halliburton Director Anne Armstrong was co-chairman of the Reagan-Bush campaign of 1980.[209] Halliburton director George R. Brown financed Lyndon B. Johnson’s political campaigns and, subsequently, Brown & Root Corporation won billion dollar contracts to set up U.S. naval and airfields in Vietnam. In 1995, Brown & Root set up U.S. military bases for the covert U.S. supported invasion of Zaire (1996): subsequently, over 3.5 million people died in Zaire/Congo.[210]

Bruce Jackson was the chairman of the Bush (I) foreign policy platform committee at the Republican convention, and he wrote the foreign policy platform for the Republican Party: he was also Vice President of Corporate Development and Strategy of Lockheed Martin. Stephen J. Hadley, a partner in the Washington-based law firm Shea and Gardner, which represents Lockheed Martin, is deputy director of the National Security Council (NSC), and was a member of the NSC staff under George Bush (I).

Another of the major George Bush (II) adminsitartion’s total environmental domination advocates is Richard Perle, former Under Secretary of Defense under Ronald Reagan, and a close ally of the Reagan-Bechtel administration’s point men, Secretaries of State and War, George Schultz and Casper Weinberger.

Lockheed Martin director Douglas H. McCorkindale is also Chairman, president and chief executive officer, Gannett Company, a diversified international news and information company with operations in 43 states, the District of Columbia, Guam, the United Kingdom, Belgium, Germany, Italy and Hong Kong. Gannett is the USA’s largest newspaper group, with 95 US daily newspapers (including USA Today); Gannett owns and operates 22 television stations; Gannett subsidiary Newsquest Plc. is one of the largest newspaper groups in the U.K. Headquartered near the Pentagon in McLean, VA. Gannett publishes nine major Department of Defense Journals.

A former director of the scandalized ENRON Corporation, Lockheed Martin director Frank Savage is also a director of Qualcomm, a secretive defense and intelligence insider company known to have close ties to the NSA.[211] Qualcomm deals in information technologies for aerospace platforms and missions. Qualcomm director Dr. Robert E. Kuhn was formerly employed by DARPA (1972-1985); and Bolt, Beranek and Newman, where he was responsible for the systems design of the Arpanet (again, the military precursor to the Internet). Qualcomm director Dr. Richard C. Atkinson is a former director of the National Science Foundation (NSF). Qualcomm director Diana Lady Dougan, a permanent U.S. Ambassador, served in senior policy positions under numerous U.S. administrations over the past 30 years.

Qualcomm director and USAFLt. General (Ret.) Brent Scowcroft was the Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs under George Bush (I) and Gerald Ford; he has held numerous deep-insider national security posts in the Pentagon and the White House, and he served as military assistant to President Nixon and as deputy assistant to the president for national security affairs to Presidents Ford and Nixon. Prior to joining the Bush administration, General Scowcroft was vice chairman of Kissinger Associates, Inc. In the course of his military career, General Scowcroft has held positions in the Organization of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, Headquarters of the U.S. Air Force, and the Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Affairs. General Scowcroft had an aeronautical rating as a pilot.

Major classified aerospace and black programs contractor Northrup Grumman includes amongst its directors now CEO and Chairman of the Board Kent Kresa. An M.I.T. Lincoln Labs trustee and former Lincoln Labs insider, Kresa worked on ballistic missile technologies in the sixties, and for DARPA in the 1970s”. From 1976-1982, Kresa worked at the Northrup Ventura Division, a leader in the production of UAVs. Northrup Grumman director Ronald D. Sugar previously served with the highly secretive and controversial Litton Industries, with Hughes Aircraft, and with TRW, where he was responsible for advanced [read: top secret] military and scientific space and electronics programs.

Northrup Grumman director John T. Chain is a former U.S. Air Force General (Ret.), a deep insider and former military assistant to the Secretary of the Air Force (1978). Director Charles R. Larsen is a former Admiral, U.S. Navy (Ret.), and a recent naval aide to the U.S. President. Director Aulana L. Peters was from 1984-1988 Commissioner of the Security and Exchange Commission (SEC) and is now a director of southern California community television. Director John Brooks Slaughter worked with the National Science Foundation from 1976 to 1978, and was NSF Director 1980-1982. He is today a director of Atlantic Richfield Corporation – one of the sponsors and chief corporate beneficiaries of the HAARP Program. Note that Northrup Grumman in December of 2002, finalized their acquisition of TRW Corporation after lengthy negotiations to neutralize charges and violations of monopoly levied by the SEC.[212]

Like those identified above, perhaps the most interesting of all the interlocking but generally untransparent interconnections are those between major mass media concerns and the aerospace and defense sector. Consider John A. Williams, the Vice President of Business Development, for Gannett Co., Inc. Williams is also one of the directors of a very interesting multimedia company called Space Holding Corporation. According to their web site:

Space Holding Corporation is the first multimedia company dedicated to space and space related content. Space Holdings publishes Starry Night, the world’s leading family of astronomy software, Space News, the premier business-to-business international newsweekly dedicated entirely to space and aerospace business, and the SPACE.com web site that offers rich and compelling content, including space business news, information, education, and entertainment. Space Holdings is headquartered in New York City with offices and news bureaus in Washington, D.C., Port Canaveral, Florida, Toronto, Canada, and Paris, France.

Highlighting the incestuous relationships in and amongst the select individuals, organizations, intelligence agencies, and media and aerospace corporations is the case of Bernard Eastlund and Space Holding Corp. On the web site for Eastlund Scientific Enterprises Corporation (ESEC), weather modification scientist Dr. Bernard J. Eastlund references the Space Holding Corporation web site (www.space.com), where they carry a story about Dr. Eastlund and the ENMOD technologies he peddles.

Space Holding Corporation functions as a public relations and perception management front for the aerospace warfare industry, peddling the ostensibly “benign” character (and necessity) of aerospace and space warfare technologies through insidious astronomy “news,” “entertainment,” “education” and ‘scientific” multimedia productions – including “award-winning” children’s space exploration astronomy programs. Directors and Advisers of Space Holding Corporation include President and CEO Dan Stone, former Executive V.P. of Turner Broadcasting (CNN International); two former NASA astronauts; a former NASA Mars Explorer Program director; a former Cosmonaut; and – surprise, surprise -- Norman R. Augustine, Chairman of the Executive Committee of Lockheed Martin.

General Dynamics (GD) is involved with major “Future Combat Systems” (FCS), including Fire Scout and Dragon Warrior UAVs, and various Semi-Autonomous Reconnaissance Vehicle (SARV) initiatives. General Dynamics is a major producer and operator of satellite ground stations essential to ENMOD C4IST/R networking capabilities. General Dynamics is also a major producer of attack submarines, thus providing another diverse portfolio of platforms for ENMOD technologies, including advanced weather and satellite surveillance systems, and ENMOD (missile) delivery systems for monitoring and modification capabilities. General Dynamics is intimately connected to the Pentagon through directors Carl E. Mundy Jr., General, U.S. Marine Corps. (Ret.); Julius W. Becton Jr., Lt. General U.S. Army (Ret.); George E. Joulwan, General, U.S. Army (Ret.); and Carlisle A.H.Trost, Admiral, U.S. Navy (Ret.).[213]

And then there is Donald Rumsfeld, now U.S. Secretary of War. Under George Bush I, Donald Rumsfeld was White House Chief of Staff; he was Secretary of Defense, under Gerald Ford. He is a former director (circa 1996) of the huge privately held Swiss-Swedish multinational Asea Brown Baveri (ABB) corporation, one of the largest and most secretive construction and defense contractors.[214] Rumsfeld has sat on the board of directors of the Tribune Company since 1992, and as Helen Caldicott has noted, the Tribune Company “boasts in its publicity statements, with “television, radio, newspapers and the Internet, [that it] reaches nearly 80 % of American households every day.””[215]

Rumsfeld is also closely associated with the Center for Security Policy think tank, “the de facto nerve center of the Star Wars lobby.[216] Adopting the language used in one apologetic propaganda article about U.S. space dominance, Rumsfeld’s national security objectives can be summarized as “denying sanctuary with persistent surveillance, tracking, and rapid engagement, with high-volume precision air strikes in all times and weathers, and in all terrains.” To operate “in all times and weathers” requires major ENMOD capabilities. Note that the same article unquestioningly adopts the U.S. military stance where “weather watching” – and not the certain deployment of major ENMOD tactical assets – is the state of the warmaking art.[217]

This is the climate, or “community,” in which ENMOD operations reached their zenith in the public sphere prior to 1977, and the climate from which weather weaponry research and development transitioned into the nebulous future they now inhabit – whatever that future might be. Project Corona operated, according to the declassified record released in 1995, up to 1972: other programs that proceeded in parallel, and those that began in the decades after Corona, remain highly classified.

The seventies seethed with protest about the American terrorist war on Vietnam. The FBI had unleashed COINTELLPRO – the secret program of domestic terrorism against the Black Panther Party and the American Indian Movement – assassinating, brutalizing and otherwise terrorizing inner city populations and thousands of innocent people. East Timor was invaded in 1975, the day after the infamous Kissinger/Ford meeting with Indonesian President Suharto. (Henry Kissinger is a director of Freeport-McMoRan mining, one of the corporations that has enjoyed free business reign in Indonesia, linked to egregious human rights violations.[218] )

The seventies also seethed with public protest about the burgeoning nuclear power industry: hundreds of behemoth nuclear power plants on order were cancelled. In January, 1975, the U.S. Congress created the Energy Research and Development Administration, which neatly and successfully set about to derail, destroy or expropriate -- for aerospace and energy corporations – emerging solar power development and technologies. Scores of billions of dollars of research and development programs over the next two decades went to Lockheed and Martin Marietta (Lockheed later bought Martin Marietta and GE Aerospace), Bechtel, Boeing, Grumman, GE, Westinghouse, NASA, and all the National Laboratories.[219]

It is important to again mention the means whereby secret programs were insured even after the U.S. government ostensibly “reformed” itself or the rogue agencies (and their people) involved. Thus were numerous “front” companies and laboratories encouraged and funded to pursue ENMOD technologies ostensibly forbidden by the international ENMOD treaty of 1977.

After the Senate Intelligence Committee’s revelations of the CIA’s covert and typically illegal and terrorist overseas operations, the agency grew very close to certain corporations. We can assume that this happened with various agencies of the national security apparatus. The revelations of the Senate Intelligence Committee had forced the CIA to do a housecleaning, and it became CIA policy that certain kinds of activities would no longer officially be performed. But that didn”t always mean that the need or the desire to undertake such operations disappeared. And that’s where some of these secretive “front” corporations came in.

Perhaps the most egregious of these secretive “front” and insider companies is Wackenhut Corporation, established in 1954 by FBI agent George Wackenhut Sr., a close friend of J. Edgar Hoover. “Hoover envisaged Wackenhut as a firm that he could rely upon to perform tasks from which the FBI was constitutionally barred from undertaking,” wrote investigative journalist Wayne Madsen.[220]

Wackenhut directors include: Admiral David E. Jeremiah, U.S. Navy (Ret.) former Commander-in-Chief of the United States Pacific Fleet, and Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff; Dr. John S. Foster, Jr., Director of Defense Research and Engineering for the DOD, and former Director of the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory; Troy E. Wade II, a deep insider whose 30-year government career included such stints as Assistant Secretary of Energy for Defense Programs, and Director, Idaho National Engineering Laboratory.

Current and recent members of the Wackenhut board have included much of the country’s recent national-security directorate: former FBI director Clarence Kelley; former Defense secretary and former CIA deputy director Frank Carlucci; former Defense Intelligence Agency Director General Joseph Carroll; former U.S. Secret Service director James J. Rowley; former Marine commandant P. X. Kelley; and acting chairman of President Bush’s foreign-intelligence advisory board and former CIA deputy director Admiral Bobby Ray Inman. Before his appointment as Reagan’s CIA director, the late William Casey was Wackenhut’s outside legal counsel.

While some of the institutions and members flagged and mildly dissected herein certainly have no role in ENMOD developments – a proposition, like their involvement, that is virtually impossible to prove or disprove -- their roles in maintaining the U.S. warfare state, and the intelligence and security apparatus it revolves around, cannot be denied. In contradistinction are the many certain ENMOD players counted amongst the panoply of organizations, individuals, agencies, laboratories and corporations delineated herein.

The cold warriors of the past five decades – and the corporations, agencies and bureaus they staff -- have revealed that they show very creative imaginations in their capacity to define and implement secret terrorist programs, and actual covert deployments, of unlimited scope, brutality and horror. They are experts at deception and the expropriation of the public trust. Further, they are accountable to no one. Their jobs secured by fellow insiders, their careers furthered by insider appointments and promotions, the budgets they have had at their disposal were obscene. Over time they have become increasingly more obscene, perverse and insane.

In his 1982 expose on the secrecy and deception of the nuclear industry, The Cult of the Atom: The Secret Papers of the Atomic Energy Commission, author Daniel Ford aptly described the insider culture of the atomic industry as a “cult.” This same terminology was applied to the U.S. intelligence community (explored at length herein) by authors Marchetti and Marks in their stark insider’s expose The CIA and the Cult of Intelligence (1974). Dr. Helen Caldicott has similarly resurrected this apt description in The New Nuclear Danger, her scathing analytical expose of the cults of nuclear weapons and the Pentagon.[221]

This is exactly what we are dealing with: a cult of the multinational corporations, a cult of technological madness, a cult of arrogance, a cult of deception and death, a cult of supreme environmental hostility. What happened to all the interest in ENMOD? Did it really stop, in recognition of the 1977 ENMOD Treaty?

One answer is: yes: it really did stop. End of story. That is what U.S. Air Force Major Barry Coble has told us, and, certainly, given the absolute sincerity of American military leadership, the real issue might be our audacity – as members of the uninformed lay public -- in asking authorities such questions to begin with:

DOD funding for weather modification research peaked at $2.8 million in 1977. Funding was eliminated in 1979. Since then there has been no active research effort into weather modification by DOD. The Air Force spends no money on research, and there is no effort to monitor civilian research, applications and advancements. The Army’s program, “Owning the Weather for the Battlefield,” deals only with incorporating weather information into the digitized battlefield of the future. Efforts to modify the weather for battle are not being pursued.[222]

End of story. Or is it? Would our government lie to us? Do cigarettes cause cancer?

In 1966, Dr. Chalmers Sherwin of the DOD responded to a question from U.S. Senator Peter Dominick -- about the significance of weather as a weapon -- in these words:

“I believe that I can state with assurance that at the present state of confidence and knowledge it has no direct military weapon type of activity value. The ability to control warm fog for landings is very important… The ability to produce clouds could have direct military utility and in that sense would be a component of a weapons system.” [223]

Dr. Pierre St. Amand, doing weather modification research for the U.S. Navy at the time, put it more bluntly:

“Primarily the work is aimed at giving the U.S. Navy and other armed forces, if they should care to use it, the capability of modifying the environment, to their own advantage, or to the disadvantage of an enemy. We regard the weather as a weapon. Anything one can use to get his way is a weapon and the weather is as good a one as any.”

Dr. Pierre St. Amand spoke clearly and honestly, and he deserves credit, at least, for that. Dr. Chalmers Sherwin lied, diffusing his lie with extraneous language, in an attempt to skirt the question and – obviously uncomfortable with the lie – he then (mildly) conferred. Considering the direct and definitive statement of U.S. Air Force Major Barry Coble, we can clearly infer that military, intelligence and government officials have become absolutely shameless in their regurgitation of manufactured falsehoods. Said differently, Coble has allowed us a brief but fleeting glimpse into the cult of plausible denial.

Consider the possibility that policy planners at the highest levels of control realized as the ENMOD arena heated up in the 1970s that the public might not accept ENMOD civilian or military pursuits. Given this reality, one alternative to the overt development and deployment of weather warfare technologies and programs, complemented by a massive media campaign to assuage and “condition” the public (as billions of dollars worth of nuclear propaganda about “atoms for peace” did for nuclear power) was an absolute shift into the classified arena of “black programs” and clandestine operations.

Question: What would be the appropriate propaganda campaign in that instance?

Answer: A campaign that peddled the “benign” and ‘scientific” interests of environmental monitoring and modeling, for weather forecasting, meteorology and the understanding of global climate change.

That is, coincidentally or not, exactly what we have seen. Further, supposing that weather modification has been clandestinely pursued on the regional or global scale, DOD secret programs would enjoy the benefits of the actual overt scientific research and modeling of weather and climate. Under this scenario, a massive propaganda campaign that denied and obfuscated the rising global climate chaos (perhaps as much a result of covert ENMOD operations and experiments as the deleterious toxic emissions from entrenched fossil fuel industries) would be highly efficacious.

Indeed, whether the latter case occurred or not – and it seems likely that it did – there has been a concerted corporate and government effort to downplay the realities of serious human-induced climatic instabilities. As the issues of climate change came to greater public attention over the past decade, the industries whose profits were threatened began to devote increasing resources to institutes and think-tanks, government lobbying and legislation, academic programs and “experts,” to huge campaigns of disinformation in schools, public forums, books, videos, on the internet and in the press.[224] It is easy to dismiss this as the nature of capital, protecting profits and entrenched industries like oil, coal and nuclear, which has certainly happened. However, there may be something much deeper at issue, and that just might be the intentional, secret military development of weather warfare capabilities.

There is also the possible greater agenda of intentionally facilitating radical climate instabilities for scientific adventurism. For example, when the Washington Post in 1989 reported on the 1989 Tokyo conference on global environment, they quoted World Bank president Barber Conable to say:

"While higher temperatures may cause “a number of natural disasters,” they might also warm cold and unproductive lands in the north into productivity." [225]

Reflecting the capacity to at least consider serious ENMOD experiments of potentially cataclysmic proportions, this is not an isolated and inconsequential statement. Indeed, it is the expression of an idea forwarded by numerous scientists in the past. It has always been a favored objective of ENMOD scientists in Russia, where research paralleled all ENMOD research pursued in the U.S., with additional studies of warming the Arctic region artificially. Melting the sea of the frozen Arctic and warming Siberia were pet projects of theirs, the obvious benefits being land reclamation and warmer growing climates for northern areas. “The Soviet program includes activities in both the Arctic and Antarctic.” [226]

Note, by the way, that the tundra and ice of Russia, Alaska, Canada and Greenland has begun to thaw, there are changes in species’ behaviors and migrations, and species even recently prolific are absent. To the horror of indigenous peoples, places where they have always known only icepack have become open sea.

Antarctica’s peninsula’s average temperatures have increased by 5 degrees Fahrenheit in the last half-century.[227] The tundra’s permafrost has begun to melt, and the CO2 previously stored in the frozen ecology is now contributing to CO2 accumulation in the atmosphere. Scientists have recorded accelerated rates of glacial retreat.[228] Ice and glaciers in Alaska are rapidly melting.[229]

On March 19, 2002, the National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC) reported that satellite imagery revealed, “that the northern section of the Larsen B ice shelf has completely shattered and separated from the continent.” A huge crack in the Antarctic ice block was reported in 2001. Two ice shelves on the Antarctic Peninsula known as the Larsen B and Wilkins were already in “full retreat” and lost nearly 3,000 square kilometers of their total area in one year.[230] As we might predict from a world inclined to ignore or suppress evidence of climatic mayhem, a world where people are inclined instead to manipulate and control the weather, “Explaining the quick thaw and determining its cause -- whether human or natural -- has so far eluded the experts.” [231]

Could the reasons for the rapid warming – which “has so far eluded the experts” – be due to military adventurism and/or competing programs in environmental modification? Were any of the earthquakes, hurricanes or typhoons that have devastated underdeveloped countries -- like Honduras, Bangladesh and Philippines – manufactured – or encouraged -- by the military [read ENMOD] adventurism of the US DOD? Was Mother Nature responsible for the major droughts and famines in Africa in the 1970s and 1980s? Or was it Father Technology at work?

The U.S. military-industrial complex early on recognized the importance of weather as a weapon. The Battle for Britain was partially won because Allied forces successfully used a fog-dispersal system known as FIDO to enable aircraft takeoff and landing under otherwise debilitating fog conditions. Cold fogs were dissipated in the Korean War.[232] Project Popeye was implemented over Vietnam.

An article in Fortune magazine in 1948 spelled out the reality equally fortuitously, though it is a slightly different, and yet more horrible reality:

Army, Navy, and Air Force are spending close to a million dollars a year on weather modification and their tremendous interest suggests that military applications extend far beyond visiting a few showers upon an enemy. It does not require a sharp mind to figure out that wartime storms might readily be infected with virulent bacteriological and radiological substances.[233]

The Fortune sentiments are echoed, more recently, and in their contemporary incarnation, in statements by top U.S. officials. Speaking at an April 1997 conference on counter-terrorism, then Secretary of Defense William Cohen expressed concern about “eco-terrorism” using ‘scalar electromagnetic weapons.” This statement inadvertently echoes the sentiments of the Fortune editors of 1948, though it has been translated into the fear-mongering hype of the cult of intelligence/madness:

“Others [terrorists] are engaging even in an eco-type of terrorism whereby they can alter the climate, set off earthquakes and volcanoes remotely through the use of electromagnetic waves… So there are plenty of ingenious minds out there that are at work finding ways in which they can wreak terror upon other nations... It’s real, and that’s the reason why we have to intensify our [counterterrorism] efforts.” [234]

In commenting on the plethora of “ingenious” minds out there dedicated to terrorism – and ever dismissing the possibility of our own -- we should duly note that from a psychological perspective, this is basically a projection about the plethora of “ingenious minds” proliferating within the U.S. military industrial complex whom are dedicated to inventing war and all of its concomitant horrors. In other, more simplistic terms, we know that we have thought of it, and that we are already doing it.

This deep-intelligence insider war-making propaganda seems to focus at length on that pillar of U.S. foreign policy which argues that others will beat us to the technological punch, and then just plain beat us, and so we need to pursue ANY and EVERY lethal military instrument our [dubious] minds can think up. Thus we have such statements as this one, made in the Air Force 2025 document cited at the beginning of this writing:

The lessons of history indicate that a real weather modification capability will eventually exist despite the risk. The drive exists. People have always wanted to control the weather and their desire will compel them to collectively and continuously pursue their goal. The motivation exists. The potential benefits and power are extremely lucrative and alluring for those who have the resources to develop it. This combination of drive, motivation and resources will eventually produce the technology. History also teaches us that we cannot afford to be without a weather –modification capability once the technology is developed and used by others. Even if we have no intention of using it, others will. To call upon the atomic weapon analogy… we need to be able to deter or counter their capability with our own. Therefore, the weather and intelligence communities must keep abreast of the actions of others.[235]

Such is the Orwellian logic of our policy makers and military planners: the United States has repeatedly birthed major weapons of mass destruction under identical pretenses and, further, it is just such disingenuous arguments that are used by the United States to evade, dismiss or circumvent international treaties ostensibly designed to prohibit such unilateral military developments.

Any conclusion of the assessment of the state-of-the-art of weather warfare technologies, and the psychology that embraces a global environmental – or nuclear – Armageddon, would not be complete without the input of Dr. Strangelove himself: Dr. Edward S. Teller, a lead scientist for the Manhattan Project, and the “father” of the hydrogen bomb.

One of Dr. Teller’s bright ideas of the 1950s was to create harbors by nuking our own coastline. He also advocated minerals excavation – oil, coal, uranium – by nuclear explosion. At the same time, Dr. Teller was the number one advocate of $200 bargain basement bomb shelters that proliferated in the 1950s.[236]

Dr. Teller was an early security adviser for the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) who pushed to accelerate nuclear power development in disregard of major safety issues that even he admitted. “Nuclear plants contain radioactive poisons,” Dr. Teller noted. “It is my opinion that the unavoidable danger which will remain after all reasonable [safety and legislative] controls have been employed must not stand in the way of rapid development of nuclear power.”[237] Dr. Teller played a leading role in easing later safety regulations that ‘shackled the nuclear power industry [read: diluted profits considerably].”

It is also interesting to note that early ENMOD research was undertaken in tandem with AEC support. The National Hurricane Research Laboratory, for one example, worked for years with the AEC (coordinated by the Naval Research Labs – NRL) on programs, for example, measuring the density of the atmosphere using nuclear instrumentation.[238]

Dr. Teller was for years an eminent member of the President’s Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board (PFIAB). Formed by President Eisenhower, in 1956, the PFIAB was an executive branch intelligence “watchdog” or “oversight” committee, staffed by top defense and intelligence insiders. It was often used as an “in-house” investigative body that could be counted on never to publicly breach the halls of secrecy or compromise the cult of intelligence – much like the President’s Commission of Inquiry into the Three Mile Island Accident, which was tasked to produce a whitewash, and obscure the public contamination, health and safety issues, and which did just that. Dr. Teller served on the PFIAB with the likes of Nelson Rockefeller.[239]

Thanks to a major energy report produced under Dr. Teller’s direct supervision in 1974 and 1975, adopted by the Ford Administration, U.S. energy policy shifted drastically in favor of increased oil and gas production, strip-mining of coal and uranium, and nuclear power. A month after Nelson Rockefeller released the report, 3000 National Guardsmen occupied the Black Hills in South Dakota accompanied by sixty FBI agents at the nearby Pine Ridge Reservation. By June 26, 1975, the Tennessee Valley Authority had drilled 6000 test holes throughout 65,000 acres of Black Hills land, and had located an estimated five to six million pounds of uranium. Resistance by the American Indian Movement (AIM) prompted a full-scale military-type invasion – some 170 agents using armored personnel carriers, helicopters and M-16s -- of the Oglala Lakota Sioux reservation. Targeting AIM, the major terrorist actions that ensued were partially coordinated by Nelson Rockefeller. AIM was neutralized by a reign of terror; Leonard Pelletier was framed and incarcerated.[240]

Most notable however, is that in 1967 Dr. Teller told a U.S. Senate Military Preparedness Committee that the United States could become a second-class power without war if the Russians succeed in controlling weather to produce rain over their territory and deprive America of needed rain.[241]

Teller has for decades urged the U.S. to adopt a more defensive nuclear policy: Star Wars fits his bill neatly and he has enjoyed an enduring and, certainly, intimate association with nuclear devastation directors Donald Rumsfeld and Dick Cheney.[242] It should be no surprise then to learn then that Dr. Teller “has promoted the idea of manipulating the Earth’s atmosphere to counteract global warming.”[243] Computer simulations on the use of aluminum oxide to counter global warming come from Lawrence Livermore Weapons Laboratory, and this is one of the national labs cited (herein) for their heavy involvement in contemporary ENMOD research and development programs. Director Emeritus at Lawrence Livermore Labs, by the way, is Dr. Edward S. Teller.

A son of the Manhattan Project and a close associate of Dr. Edward Teller, was prominent physicist Frederic de Hoffmann, founder of General Atomics, a corporation owned privately by the Blue family of Denver (CO): Neil Blue remains chairman and CEO; brother Linden Blue is Vice-Chairman. Other directors are Harold Agnew, former Director of Los Alamos National Laboratories; John Vessey, former Chairman of the U.S. Joint Chiefs of Staff; and Jay Keyworth, former science advisor to President Ronald Reagan.

According to one chronicler of the Atomic Age, General Atomics was “the first company anywhere dedicated to building atomic reactors.” General Atomics is a major player in the nuclear poisons arena, partnered, for example, with Entergy Corporation, Russia and U.S. DOE on a next-generation nuclear power project called the Gas Turbine - Modular Helium Reactor (GTMHR).[244] General Atomics is also “principally responsible party” to major U.S. Superfund environmental disasters. [245] General Atomics, once again – as outlined previously -- is a major secret aerospace and intelligence corporation dedicated to black programs and major UAV development and deployment.

14. This Intellect & Influence Business: Democracy to the Highest Bidder.

To better understand the extreme political landscape, consider for a moment the political purchase power of just one major military-industrial influence: The Business Industry Political Action Committee. BIPAC, as their slogan goes, is in the business of Electing Business to Congress:

“BIPAC is an independent, bipartisan organization founded in 1963 as the nation’s first business PAC. It has earned a reputation both in Congress and in the media as the pre-eminent source of political intelligence for business. The Institute for Political Analysis, PAC Council, and Prosperity Project are funded by corporate and association contributions from BIPAC supporters.”

Our respected Institute for Political Analysis is BIPAC’s operational core. Supported by corporate dollars, the Institute’s political analysis, research and communication on campaigns and elections, and its new programs to create and implement business participation in the political process, continue to revolutionize the way business conducts its political affairs.”

“From our famous Washington Political Briefings and off-the-record issue discussions with Members of Congress to customized political analysis and skills building workshops, BIPAC delivers the best political information, tactics and tools to fulfill your mission of effective political involvement at reasonable cost.”

“The Business Institute for Political Analysis is BIPAC’s operational core and political intelligence arm. Penetrating evaluation of issues, elections, candidates, and campaigns has made BIPAC the number one political team for American business.”

BIPAC’s Action Fund continues to lead the way, finding and supporting true pro-business candidates.” [246]

Counted amongst the 70 members of BIPAC’s Board of Directors are:

· E.W. Baragar, Vice-President, The Boeing Company

· Linden Blue, Vice-Chairman, General Atomics[247]

· Stephen E. Chaudet, Vice-President, Lockheed Martin

· Charles E. Dominy, Vice-President, Halliburton Company

· William Russell King, Senior Vice-President, FreePort McMoRan

· Kimberley M. Koro, President, Qualcomm Digital Media

· Gerald T. McPhee, Vice-President, Occidental International [248]

· Thomas C. Polgar, Senior Vice-President, Tyco International [249]

· Earle C. Williams, President and CEO (Ret.), BDM International

BIPACs are not the only means whereby the U.S. Congress, U.S. national security and U.S. foreign policy – indeed our very democracy itself -- are expropriated. Think tanks, foundations and “not-for-profit” organizations also play a major role in the manufacture and further institutionalization of our permanent warfare economy. For example, numerous Lockheed Martin officials sit on the boards of the right wing, pro-war think tanks the Heritage Foundation and Center for Policy Studies, both enmeshed in the highest level classification programs. These institutions both serve as intellectual pillars of support for the ongoing Star Wars hoax and the greater panoply of defense and intelligence establishment policy securing the permanent warfare economy of the United States.

Other major institutions also warrant examination, given their influence over national security and international insecurity policy, and especially, for their potential relevance to the secret ENMOD arena. These institutions are generally comprised of the same set of principal architects of the military, intelligence and national security apparatus that have repeatedly surfaced throughout this writing. These include:

Ø The Heritage Foundation

Ø Center for the Defense of Free Enterprise (CDFE)

Ø Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS)

Ø Center for Security Policy (CSP)

Ø RAND Corporation

Ø Lincoln Laboratories

Ø The MITRE Corporation

Ø The Aerospace Corporation

Ø The Space Foundation

Ø The Freedom Forum

The USAFhas (at least) five major contract research centers: RAND, MITRE, Lincoln Laboratory, The Aerospace Corporation and The Space Foundation. RAND has already been discussed.

Lincoln Laboratory was created by the Air Force as a direct reaction to the first Soviet nuclear explosion. Lincoln Lab warrants special mention for its pivotal role in technology transfer between the U.S. DOD and academic research institutions, especially the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and University of Massachusetts. Ostensibly independent and civilian in nature, these two “research” institutions serve, as I have already noted, as de facto corporate military subsidiaries involved in the rapid development and transfer of critical military technologies. Lincoln Laboratory’s “fundamental mission,” according to their own literature, “is to apply science and advanced technology to critical problems of national security. The scope of the problems has broadened from the initial emphasis on air defense to include communications, space surveillance, missile defense, tactical surveillance systems, air traffic control as well as air defense.”[250]

M.I.T. has always been a pillar of bias behind the nuclear and aerospace industries. Recall that John Deutch, former CIA director, retains a professorship at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. M.I.T. nuclear engineering professor and former industry executive Norman Rasmussen chaired the infamous Reactor Safety Study (1975), billed as an independent national research study, but a whitewash effectively produced by the industry itself. The so-called Rasmussen Report downplayed reactor safety and radiation health issues; the subsequent meltdown at Three Mile Island (1977) aptly spoke to the study’s biases. Rasmussen was nominated by then AEC Chairman James R. Schelsinger (appointed by Nixon in 1971), future director of the CIA, a past consultant for the RAND Corporation. Rasmussen remains a staunch pro-nuclear proponent in his tenured position at M.I.T., ever a prime mover in whitewashing the very real dangers of nuclear power, in service to industry profits.[251]

The secretive think-tank MITRE corporation is just one of Lincoln Labs’ 80 spin-off companies. MITRE is a private corporation based in Bedford, MA (with both national and international research sites), and it is a major advanced weapons and intelligence think-tank primarily supported by the USAFFrom its inception in 1958, MITRE has been pivotal in the development of advanced tactical satellite systems in the 1960s and 1970s.[252]

Entrenched in UAV technologies, MITRE today plays a major role in classified R&D programs for C4IST/R, electronic warfare, intelligence, and tactical missiles and ballistic missile defense (Star Wars) technologies. As noted above, MITRE is frequently partnered -- on major aerospace and intelligence programs -- with some of the most secretive corporations: SAIC, Polexis, Bechtel, Lockheed Martin, General Atomics and Northrup Grumman.

MITRE trustees include Dr. James R. Schelesinger (CIA, etc); Admiral James B. Busey IV, USN (Ret.); General Ronald R. Fogleman, USAF (Ret.); General Paul F. Gorman, USA (Ret.); Dr. John J. Hamre (CSIS, etc.); Admiral David E. Jeremiah, USN (Ret.); Richard J. Kerr (CIA); General Robert T. Marsh, USAF (Ret.); and Dr. Sally K. Ride (former NASA Astronaut).[253]

MITRE’s major clients include: AFRL; ARL; DARPA; DIA; FBI; NSA, NOAA, NASA, ONR; ONI; the Joint Chiefs of Staff; CSIS, National Weather Service; National Security Space Architect; Directorate of Intelligence; the National Polar-Orbiting Operational Environmental Satellite Systems; and the Defense Special Weapons Agency.

.

The Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) counts as trustees, directors, members -- and former directors, trustees or advisers -- such notable permanent warfare advocates:

Ø General Alexander Haig: United Technologies

Ø Dr. Henry Kissinger: Kissinger Associates, 40 Committee

Ø Lieutenant General Brent Scowcroft: USAF, Qualcomm

Ø Reginald K. Brack: Time Warner

Ø Duane Andrews: former Assistant Secretary of Defense

Ø John Deutch: former Director, CIA

Ø Robert Gates: former Director CIA

Ø Admiral James R. Hogg: U.S.N. (Ret.), director Strategic Studies Group, Naval War College

Ø William Cohen: former U. S. Senator, former Secretary of Defense, Chairman & CEO, Cohen Group

Ø Fred Ikle: former Under Secretary of Defense

Ø Dr. David Kay: corporate Vice President-Homeland Security, SAIC

Ø Mr. Richard J. Kerr: former Deputy Director, CIA

Ø Stuart Knight: former Director, Secret Service

Ø General Edward C. Meyer: former Chief of Staff, U.S. Army

Ø Oliver Revell: former Associate Deputy Director, FBI

Ø Donald Rumsfeld: U.S. Secretary of Defense

Ø William Sessions: former Director, FBI

Ø James R. Schlesinger: former Secretary of Defense, former Secretary of Energy, former director CIA, former director AEC, former RAND consultant, Chairman MITRE Corp.

Ø William Sessions: former Director, FBI

Ø Admiral William D. Smith: U.S.N. (Ret.) and Senior Fellow, Center for Naval Analyses

Ø Lt. General Edward Soyster: former Director, DIA and currently Vice President-International Operations, Military Professional Resources, Inc.

Ø John J. Hamre, former Deputy Secretary of Defense

Ø Harold Brown: former Secretary of Defense, director Cummins Engine, RAND

Of all the notable CSIS agents, Dr. Harold Brown is of particular note. Brown was a member of the Polaris Steering Committee (1956-1958), a member of the Air Force Scientific Advisory Board (1956-1961) and also consultant to and then member of the President’s Science Advisory Committee (1958-1961 ). The later two posts held by Brown overlap significantly with major ENMOD developments in 1957. Recall from Section 2 herein that in 1957 the President’s Advisory Committee on Weather Control explicitly recognized the military potential of weather modification, warning in their report that it could become a more important weapon than the atom bomb.[254]

Organized by Frank Gaffney, another Pentagon official under Ronald Reagan, the Center for Security Policy (CSP) is funded by Boeing, TRW, General Dynamics, Rockwell International and Northrup Grumman, with Lockheed Martin at the top of the list, and six Lockheed Martin executives on its board. Gaffney also heads the Coalition to Protect Americans Now, a media advocacy group that organizes TV ads promoting Star Wars and ballistic missile defense. One ad, notes Helen Caldicott, depicts visions of babies in their cradles and children playing baseball, with missiles falling from the sky, and a caption reading, “Where will you be when the missiles are launched?” [255]

The Center for Security Policy (CSP) is the “nerve center of the Star Wars lobby,” Helen Caldicott writes. Included on the CSP board are Ronald Reagan’s science advisor George Keyworth, and missile defense supporters U.S. Senator John Kyl (AZ) and U.S. Representative Kurt Weldon (PA). The elderly Dr. Teller today sits on the board of the Center for Security Policy (CSP). In 1998 the CSP gave its “Keepers of the Flame” award to Donald Rumsfeld; Newt Gingrich and Ronald Reagan have also received this award.[256]

In the 1990s (and perhaps presently) now U.S. Vice-President and past Secretary of Defense Dick Cheney sat on the board of the right-wing Center for the Defense of Free Enterprise (CDFE), the front organization for the anti-environmental “Wise Use Movement.” Lynn Cheney, the wife of U.S. Vice-President Dick Cheney, is a former director of Lockheed Martin. Founded in 1976 to counter rising environmentalism, the CDFE’s success was guaranteed through frequent and sympathetic “news” articles: more than 600 radio stations support and regularly broadcast programs on “free enterprise” produced by CDFE; more than 400 newspapers nationwide participate in the CDFE American Press Syndicate by publishing regular CDFE productions.[257] In the mid 1990s, the CDFE counted nine U.S. senators and nine U.S. representatives as its Congressional advisers.[258]

15. The Falsification of Consciousness.

The extent of the subterfuge we as American citizens face from our leadership, and our media institutions, can be mildy gleamed from the above. Unfortunately, this is but the tip of the weather warfare and environmental modification iceberg. The material in this report is readily available to the general (world) public. Given that an individual outside the classified sectors of government can so easily access this information, we can take this as a powerful testament to the vast assortment of information, research and development that must exist, and retain classification, within the defense and intelligence arena.

Much of the general public remains apathetic, disinterested, and confused by the climate skeptics and the huge propaganda machine. The debate centers on whether there is clear scientific rationale to address climate change. The disparity between public perceptions and military realities is monumental. The current public debate around climate protocols and greenhouse gas emissions only serves to facilitate greater military adventurism, at the expense of American citizens, at the expense of democracy, to the greater devastation of earth and all its life forms.

Thus do we draw the following conclusions from the limited research provided above:

1. The general public remains confused by climate skeptics.

2. The scientific community is mostly engaged in a narrow debate about climate change.

3. The spectrums of problems of climatic mayhem are greatly unappreciated.

4. Where these problems are appreciated, proponents argue narrowly about fossil fuels and climate protocols that, conveniently, distract and deflect attention from greater issues of secrecy, military dominance and environmental chaos.

5. Military and “civilian” ENMOD capabilities are already being tested, and quite likely have already been deployed to affect massive human loss of life and environmental instability.

6. The U.S. government position vacillates between admissions that limited development of ENMOD technologies has occurred – always in the private sector -- and that ENMOD technologies do not exist at all.

7. Scientists, soldiers and government officials have lied outright, and many continue to intentionally obfuscate and misinform on climate issues and weather warfare.

8. The duplicitous and self-interested positions of these skeptics and liars attain the greatest currency through the corporate mass and entertainment media.

9. There is a trillion dollar industry behind the monied interests, and the propaganda, of fossil fuels, weather warfare, military and climate issues.

10. The military-industrial complex has no intentions of mitigating climatic mayhem by attending to the obvious policy and technology imperatives.

11. ENMOD and weather weaponry relies on widespread environmental instability to provide a threshold of “background” chaos to shield its covert ENMOD operations.

12. Thus we are unable to determine the extent to which changes have occurred, through ENMOD manipulations, or the extent to which they are occurring, or in future will occur.

13. The United States of America has violated the 1977 Convention on the Prohibition of Military or Other Hostile Use of Environmental Modification Techniques, (ENMOD Treaty), of which it is a long-standing signatory member.

14. The military ENMOD programs and their goals are predicated on widespread devastation, environmental calamity, and loss of life in the so-called “developing” world to the (mistakenly) perceived benefit of powerful monied interests in the West.

15. Gross environmental instabilities are appearing more frequently, with greater force and violence, virtually everywhere at once, and they receive scattered media and scientific attention, limited reporting, minimal assessment, with little understanding.

16. Intentional depopulation of various, and large, groups and ethnicities by various other groups and ethnicities is occurring, and will increasingly occur, given the current momentum and direction of American military-corporate power.

17. The United States of America has violated the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of Genocide, approved by the General Assembly of the United Nations in Resolution 260 A (III) of 9 December 1948, to which it is a signatory member.

18. The United States is responsible for war crimes and genocide in numerous instances.

19. The United Nations has demonstrated its lack of attention and investigation into climate issues and the violations of international treaties (as above) in service to the powerful corporate interests that dominate and neutralize it.

20. The United Nations has not served the oversight purposes for which it was ostensibly created, and instead serves the purposes for which it was actually created: to insure the prosperity and military objectives of powerful entrenched interests.

21. Rich and poor countries alike will increasingly suffer as accelerated processes of environmental change are aggravated by unforeseen feedback mechanisms.

22. The radical shift to an alternate state or states of climate, most probably undesirable and unmanageable, has become an increasingly likely – if not certain -- event, and it is increasingly likely that such an event will occur sooner rather than later. ~ end.

keith harmon snow graduated B.S.E.E. and M.S.E.E. with a specialty in microwaves and antennas engineering from the University of Massachusetts, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, in 1986. From 1985 to 1989 he worked for General Electric Aerospace Electronics Laboratory on aerospace and defense technologies for classified communications, RADAR, EW and Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) programs. Since 1990 he has worked as a journalist.

---

[1] Tom Standage, “Activate Cloud Shield! Zap a Twister!” Wired, January 2000.

[2] Titled after a popular column by media analyst Edward S. Herman.

[3] Despite repeated requests, Amherst College Radio could not produce a copy of this PSA, and hence the sponsoring organization remains unidentified, although the Christian organization was named during the broadcasts.

[4] Progressives often point to articles like this as proof of the media’s absence of bias and investigative belligerence in reporting on private and government monied interests.

[5] Michele Norris, “Weather As A Weapon: Manipulating the Weather,” ABCNEWS.com, February 17, 2002,

< www.abcnews.go.com/onair/DailyNews/wnt_weatherwar990217_story.html >.

[6] Michele Norris, “Weather As A Weapon: Manipulating the Weather,” ABCNEWS.com, February 17, 2002,

< www.abcnews.go.com/onair/DailyNews/wnt_weatherwar990217_story.html >.

[7] Vladimir Krsljanin, “Nato Used Weather Warfare in Serbia,” reported in < www.tenc.net > as a reprint from Yugoslav newspaper, Politika, March 15, 2001.

[8] “U.S. Government Policy Regarding Weather Modification,” Enclosure C in CJCSI 3810.01A, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Instruction, U.S. Department of Defense Memorandum, February 25, 1998.

[9] The U.S. hearings resulted in the document Alleged Assassination Plots Involving Foreign Leaders, U.S. Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, 1975. More broadly, the literature abounds with credible sources and publications detailing covert actions and secret programs and the means by which these are perpetuated. One of the best is William Blum, Killing Hope: U.S. Military and CIA Interventions Since World War II, Common Courage Press, 1995. See also: Gary Webb, Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras and the Crack Cocaine Explosion, Seven Stories Press, 1999; Alexander Cockburn and Jeffrey St. Clair, Whiteout: The CIA, Drugs and the Press, Verso, 1998; David N. Gibbs, “Academics and Spies: The Silence That Roars” (Opinion), L.A. Times, January 28, 2001; Chris Mooney, “For Your Eyes Only: The CIA will let you see classified documents -- but at what price?” Lingua Franca, November 2000, pp. 35-43; Leonard G. Horowitz, Emerging Viruses: Aids & Ebola: Nature, Accident or Intentional? Tetrahedron, 1996; Noam Chomsky and Edward S. Herman, The Washington Connection and Third World Fascism, South End Press, 1979; Gerard Colby and Charlotte Dennett, Thy Will Be Done: The Conquest of the Amazon, HarperCollins, 1996; Wayne Madsen, Genocide and Covert Operations in Africa, 1993-1999, Mellen Books, 1999.

[10] Space and Warfare Systems Command (SPAWAR) < www.spawar.navy.mil > December, 2002.

[11] See e.g., Strategic Assessment 1996: The Instruments of U.S. Power, National Defense University, 1996.

[12] Unless other wise noted, quotes in this section are from: Weather as a Force Multiplier: Owning the Weather in 2025, Dept. of Defense, August 1996: pp. 1-12, < www.au..af.mil/au/2025/volume3/chap15/v3c15-1.htm >.

[13] Maj. Robert J. Rizza, Cold Fog Dispersal System (CFDS) End-of-Season Report, FY95, Fairchild AFB, February 27, 1996, p. 2, in Weather as a Force Multiplier: Owning the Weather in 2025, Department of Defense, August 1996: p. 10.

[14] From Weather as a Force Multiplier: A pilot program (Project Popeye) conducted in 1966 attempted to extend the monsoon season in order to increase the amount of mud on the Ho Chi Minh trail thereby reducing enemy movements. A silver iodide nuclei agent was dispersed from WC-130, F4 and A-1E aircraft into the clouds over portions of the trail winding from North Vietnam through Laos and Cambodia into South Vietnam. Positive results during this initial program led to continued operations from 1967 to 1972. E. M. Frisby, “Weather-modification in Southeast Asia, 1966-1972,” The Journal of Weather Modification Vol. 14, No. 1 (April 1982): 1-3.

[15] See David N. Gibbs, “Academics and Spies: The Silence That Roars” (Opinion), L.A. Times, January 28, 2001.

[16] Dr. Arthur H Westing, “Environmental Warfare: Manipulating the Environment for Hostile Purposes,” 4/7/1996.

[17] Robert G. Fleagle, Weather Modification: Science and Public Policy, University of Wisconsin Press, 1969.

[18] Harvesting the Clouds: Advances in Weather Modification, Doubleday, 1969: pp. 92.

[19] Ed. W.N. Hess, NOAA Labs, Weather and Climate Modification, John Wiley & Sons, 1974: p. 17.

[20] See Colby and Dennett. Thy Will Be Done: The Conquest of the Amazon, HarperCollins, 1995; and William Blum, Killing Hope: U.S. Military and CIA Interventions Since World War II, Common Courage, 1995.

[21] Ibid (Hess): p. 33.

[22] U.S. Weather Bureau Research Papers No. 30, 31, 32, 33, 1948-1950.

[23] Robert G. Fleagle, Weather Modification: Science and Public Policy, University of Wisconsin Press, 1969; Ed. W.N. Hess, NOAA Labs, Weather and Climate Modification, John Wiley & Sons, 1974: p. 47.

[24] Ibid (Hess): p. 33; Project Cirrus: The Story of Cloud Seeding, Gen. Elect. Review 55, 8-26, November 1952.

[25] Harvesting the Clouds: Advances in Weather Modification, Doubleday, 1969: pp. 56.

[26] Weather as a Force Multiplier: Owning the Weather in 2025, DOD, August 1996: p. 8.

[27] Harvesting the Clouds: Advances in Weather Modification, Doubleday, 1969: pp. 114.

[28] Weather as a Force Multiplier: Owning the Weather in 2025, Department of Defense, August 1996: p. 3;

[29] Harvesting the Clouds: Advances in Weather Modification, Doubleday, 1969: pp. 56-75; Note that United Air Lines today has interlocking directorships with Lockheed Martin. Please recall this fact during the discussion of secretive Lockheed Martin interests, black programs, and UAVs, below.

[30] Bissell’s involvement: Marchetti and Marks, The CIA and the Cult of Intelligence, Knopf, 1974: 77;

[31] Daniel S. Halacy, Jr., The Weather Changers, Harper & Row, 1968: 150.

[32] Ed. W.N. Hess, NOAH Labs, Weather and Climate Modification, John Wiley & Sons, 1974: 193.

[33] Robert G. Fleagle, Weather Modification: Science and Public Policy, University of Wisconsin Press, 1969: 99.

[34] Robert G. Fleagle, Weather Modification: Science and Public Policy, University of Wisconsin Press, 1969: 74.

[35] Robert G. Fleagle, Weather Modification: Science and Public Policy, University of Wisconsin Press, 1969: 75

[36] Ed. Robert Fleagle, Weather Modification: Science and Public Policy, University of Wisconsin Press, 1969.

[37] RAND, A Family of Recoverable Reconnaissance Satellites, RAND Research Memorandum No. 2/A/0039, 1957.

[38] RAND Document No. P407: Weather Modification Research: A Desire and an Approach.

[39] U.S. Congress, Senate, Weather Modification and Control, Report to US Senate Subcommittee on Commerce, 89^th Congress, 2nd Session, Report No. 1139, April 26, 1966.

[40] Robert G. Fleagle, Weather Modification: Science and Public Policy, University of Wisconsin Press, 1969.

[41] Ed. W.N. Hess, NOAH Labs, Weather and Climate Modification, John Wiley & Sons, 1974.

[42] Ed. W.N. Hess, NOAH Labs, Weather and Climate Modification, John Wiley & Sons, 1974: 507.

[43] Ed. W.N. Hess, NOAH Labs, Weather and Climate Modification, John Wiley & Sons, 1974: 143.

[44] Ed. W.N. Hess, NOAH Labs, Weather and Climate Modification, John Wiley & Sons, 1974: 144.

[45] Ed. W.N. Hess, NOAH Labs, Weather and Climate Modification, John Wiley & Sons, 1974: 192.

[46] W. N. Hess, Weather and Climate Modification, John Wiley and Sons, 1974: 278.

[47] Ed. W. N. Hess, Weather and Climate Modification, John Wiley and Sons, 1974: 260-280.

[48] Ed. W.N. Hess, NOAH Labs, Weather and Climate Modification, John Wiley & Sons, 1974: 271.

[49] Ed. W.N. Hess, NOAH Labs, Weather and Climate Modification, John Wiley & Sons, 1974: 71.

[50] Ed. W.N. Hess, NOAH Labs, Weather and Climate Modification, John Wiley & Sons, 1974.

[51] Ed. W. N. Hess, Weather and Climate Modification, John Wiley and Sons, 1974: 260-280.

[52] Daniel S. Halacy Jr., The Weather Changers, Harper & Row, 1968: 160.

[53] Gordon J.F. McDonald, “How to Wreck the Environment,” Unless Peace Comes, 1968: p. 1.

[54] Gordon J.F. McDonald, “How to Wreck the Environment,” Unless Peace Comes, 1968: p. 3.

[55] Gordon J.F. McDonald, “How to Wreck the Environment,” Unless Peace Comes, 1968: pp. 5-7. On recent Antarctic instabilities, see the related report: Climatic Mayhem: Fossil Fuels, Public Policy and the Coming Permanent State of Emergency.

[56] ‘sonar Killed Whales, Navy Admits,” Environment News Service, December 2001; and Ben White, “U.S. Navy Kills Whales in the Bahamas,” Animal Welfare Institute Quarterly, Summer 2000, Vol. 49, No. 3,

[57] Dr. Rosalie Bertell, Times of London, November 23, 2000, reported by Michel Chossudovsky, “It Is Not Only Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Washington’s New World Order Weapons Have Ability to Trigger Climate Change,” November 26, 2000 < http://emperors-clothes.com/articles/chuss/haarp >.

[58] Maj. Robert J. Rizza, Cold Fog Dispersal System (CFDS) End-of-Season Report, FY95, Fairchild AFB, February 27, 1996, p. 2, cited in Weather as a Force Multiplier: Owning the Weather in 2025, DOD, August 1996: p. 10.

[59] Weather as a Force Multiplier: Owning the Weather in 2025, Department of Defense, August 1996: p. 8.

[60] Marc Filterman in Intelligence Newsletter, December 16, 1999.

[61] Irving Langmuir, Final Report: Project Cirrus, Report No. PL 140, General Electric Research Laboratory, December 13, 1948, p. 14.

[62]Ye Vostruxov, "Laser and Cloud: Unusual Experiment of Siberian Scientists," translated by SCITRAN, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio, Foreign Technology Division, September 1987, p. 5.

[63] Zhou Wei, "Meteorological Weapons," translated by SCITRAN, Wright-Patterson AFB,

Ohio, Foreign Technology Division, March 1985, p. 4.

[64] Barry B. Coble, Benign Weather Modification, School of Advanced Airpower Studies, March, 1997: pp. 12-13.

[65] Barry B. Coble, Benign Weather Modification, School of Advanced Airpower Studies, March, 1997: pp. 12-13.

[66] Barry B. Coble, “Benign Weather Modification,” School of Advanced Airpower Studies, March 1997: p. 19.

[67] Steven Aftergood and John Pike in “The High Cost of Secrecy,” Air & Space, Oct./Nov. 1992: 46, 47.

[68] Curtiss Peebles, Dark Eagles: A History of Top Secret U.S. Aircraft Programs, Presidio, 1995: 266.

[69] Nick Begich & Jeane Manning, Vandalism in the Sky, Nexus Magazine, Vol. 3, No. 1,

< www.earthpulse.com/haarp/vandalism >.

[70] Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Instruction, CJCSI 3810. 01A, February 25, 1998.

[71] See, Alaska North Slope Electric Missile Shield, Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) Contract No. DAAHD1-86-C-0420, Arlington, VA, February 1986; and Dr. Bernard J. Eastlund, ‘systems Considerations of Weather Modification Experiments Using High Power Electromagnetic Radiation,” Proceedings of the Workshop on Space Exploration and Resource Exploitation EXPLOSPACE, October 1998.

[72] On the collaboration between Nazi and U.S. military, finance and energy corporations, see Charles Higham, Trading With the Enemy: The Nazi American Money Plot 1933-1949, Barnes & Noble, 1983.

[73] Ulrich Brunzel, Hitler’s Treasures and Wonder Weapons, Heinrich-Jung Verlagsgesellschaft, 1997.

[74] Curtiss Peebles, Dark Eagles: A History of Top Secret U.S. Aircraft Programs, Presidio, 1995: 16, 51.

[75] Ulrich Brunzel, Hitler’s Treasures and Wonder Weapons, Heinrich-Jung Verlagsgesellschaft, 1997: 175-180.

[76] Information on these projects proliferates. See, e.g., Clarence G. Lasby, Project Paperclip: German Scientists and the Cold War, NY, 1971; also Leonard G. Horowitz, Emerging Viruses: Aids & Ebola, Tetrahedron, 1996.

[77] On the CIOS, see Clarence G. Lasby, Project Paperclip: German Scientists and the Cold War, NY, 1971; CIOS, Underground Factories in Central Germany: Item Nos. 4, 5, 25 & 30: File No. XXXII-17, H.M. Stationary Office, London, 1948; also: Ulrich Brunzel, Hitler’s Treasures and Wonder Weapons, Heinrich-Jung Verlagsgesellschaft, 1997: 175-180.

[78] Ibid (CIOS) above.

[79] See Eds. Secaucus, Schapp, Ray et al, Dirty Work II: The CIA in Africa, Lyle Stewart, 1979; and Leonard G. Horowitz, Emerging Viruses: Aids & Ebola, Tetrahedron, 1996: 364-375.

[80] Leonard G. Horowitz, Emerging Viruses: Aids & Ebola, Tetrahedron, 1996.

[81] Leonard G. Horowitz, Emerging Viruses: Aids & Ebola, Tetrahedron, 1996: 164-169.

[82] On the Helio Courier, see Gerard Colby and Charlotte Dennett, Thy Will Be Done: The Conquest of the Amazon, HarperCollins, 1996, p. 269, 282.

[83] Curtiss Peebles, Dark Eagles: A History of Top Secret U.S. Aircraft Programs, Presidio, 1995.

[84] Curtiss Peebles, Dark Eagles: A History of Top Secret U.S. Aircraft Programs, Presidio, 1995.

[85] Charles Higham, Trading with the Enemy: The Nazi-American Money Plot, Barnes & Noble, 1983.

[86] Curtiss Peebles, Dark Eagles: A History of Top Secret U.S. Aircraft Programs, Presidio, 1995.

[87] Curtiss Peebles, Dark Eagles: A History of Top Secret U.S. Aircraft Programs, Presidio, 1995.

[88] Curtiss Peebles, Dark Eagles: A History of Top Secret U.S. Aircraft Programs, Presidio, 1995: 142.

[89] Roxana Tiron, “Despite Doubts, Airforce Stands by Predator,” National Defense Magazine, www.nationaldefensemagazine.org/article.cfm?Id=681; April 8, 2002.

[90] “Drones to Patrol East Coast,” Hartford Courant, December 13, 2002.

[91] Curtiss Peebles, Dark Eagles: A History of Top Secret U.S. Aircraft Programs, Presidio, 1995: 83.

[92] Curtiss Peebles, Dark Eagles: A History of Top Secret U.S. Aircraft Programs, Presidio, 1995: 97-114.

[93] Blum, Killing Hope: U.S. Military & CIA Interventions Since World War II, Common Courage, 1995: 21-27.

[94] Marchetti and Marks, The CIA and the Cult of Intelligence, Knopf, 1974: pps. 34, 77, 303; Blum, Killing Hope: U.S. Military and CIA Interventions Since World War II, Common Courage Press, 1995: 25.

[95] Blum, Killing Hope: U.S. Military and CIA Interventions Since World War II, Common Courage Press, 1995: 26.

[96] Curtiss Peebles, Dark Eagles: A History of Top Secret U.S. Aircraft Programs, Presidio, 1995: 94-95.

[97] Curtiss Peebles, Dark Eagles: A History of Top Secret U.S. Aircraft Programs, Presidio, 1995: 119-132.

[98] Curtiss Peebles, Dark Eagles: A History of Top Secret U.S. Aircraft Programs, Presidio, 1995: 245.

[99] Curtiss Peebles, Dark Eagles: A History of Top Secret U.S. Aircraft Programs, Presidio, 1995: 143.

[100] On the F-117A in Panama, see Curtiss Peebles, Dark Eagles: A History of Top Secret U.S. Aircraft Programs, Presidio, 1995: 171; on the illegality and U.S. terrorism of Operation Just Cause, see William Blum, Killing Hope: U.S. Military and CIA Interventions Since World War II, Common Courage Press, 1995: 305-314.

[101] Curtiss Peebles, Dark Eagles: A History of Top Secret U.S. Aircraft Programs, Presidio, 1995: 201-207.

[102] Curtiss Peebles, Dark Eagles: A History of Top Secret U.S. Aircraft Programs, Presidio, 1995: 208.

[103] Curtiss Peebles, Dark Eagles: A History of Top Secret U.S. Aircraft Programs, Presidio, 1995: 208-210.

[104] Curtiss Peebles, Dark Eagles: A History of Top Secret U.S. Aircraft Programs, Presidio, 1995: 210-216.

[105] Curtiss Peebles, Dark Eagles: A History of Top Secret U.S. Aircraft Programs, Presidio, 1995: 281.

[106] RAND MR1187 < http://www.rand.org/publications >. See also: W. Davis, Jr., et al., “Micro Air Vehicles for Optical Surveillance,” The Lincoln Laboratory Journal, Vol. 9, No. 2, 1996, pp. 197–214; M. Cantella, “Micro Air Vehicle Sensor,” Proceedings of the IRIS Specialty Group on Passive Sensors, Vol. 1, 1999.

[107] See the multiple weather related payloads of UAVs in: The Military Balance 1996/1997, The International Institute for Strategic Studies, October 1996, pp. 291-292; see U.S. Department of Defense, Atmospheric Radiation Measurement-Unmanned Aerospace Vehicle (ARM-UAV) Program; see also University of Massachusetts, Microwave Remote Sensing Laboratory (MIRSL) work in support of the ARM-UAV program

< www.esc.umass.edu/ece/labs/mirsl/CAMRAD/intro >.

[108] Jim Garamore, “Fly High After Afghanistan,” American Forces Press Service, April 2002.

[109] Air Force 2025, < www.au.af.mil/au/2025 >; RAND No. DB358 < www.rand.org/publications/DB/DB358 >.

[110] New York Times, November 7, 2002.

[111] “Mini-UAV Launched from Predator,” Press Release, General Atomics, August 23, 2002.

[112] “U.S. Air Force Awards Contract For RQ-1 PREDATORS,” Press Release, General Atomics, February 2, 2001.

[113] Curtiss Peebles, Dark Eagles: A History of Top Secret U.S. Aircraft Programs, Presidio, 1995: 251-270.

[114] Mark Bowden is also author of Black Hawk Down, a patriotic whitewash of US military terrorism in Somalia.

[115] The author developed a familiarity with these satellite programs and the technologies they deploy while working for GE Aerospace Electronics Laboratories, Syracuse, NY, from 1985-1989.

[116] L.A. Times, July 19, 2002. < www.latimes.com/news/local/la-na-institute19jul19.story >

[117] Hewlett Packard web site: http://www.hp.com/hpinfo/execteam/ .

[118] Cited by Dr. Bernard Eastlund in ‘systems Considerations of Weather Modifications Experiments Using High Power Electromagnetic Radiation,” Proceedings of Workshop on Space Exploration and Resource Exploitation, EXPLOSPACE, October 1998.

[119] Dr. Bernard Eastlund, ‘systems Considerations of Weather Modifications Experiments Using High Power Electromagnetic Radiation,” Proceedings of Workshop on Space Exploration and Resource Exploitation, EXPLOSPACE, October 1998.

[120] Eastlund Scientific Enterprises Corporation web site.

[121] See David N. Gibbs, “Academics and Spies: The Silence That Roars” (Opinion), L.A. Times, January 28, 2001.

[122] See: Drs. David L. Mitchell and Robert P. d”Entremont, "Development and Comparison of Ground and Satellite-based Retrievals of Cirrus Cloud Physical Properties," Desert Research Institute/Atmospheric and Environmental Research, Inc., published in association of the US DOE ARM-UAV program.

[123] Some of the governments currently supported by MPRI programs to “develop and enhance peace operations and humanitarian assistance capabilities among selected African armies” -- and defend, for example, oil infrastructure – include Columbia, Equatorial Guinea, Croatia and Nigeria, while MPRI has (in the past, at the very least, and possibly today) provided raw military force and violence in such places as Angola, Sri Lanka and Burma. MPRI maintains a computer database of some 7000 retired military personnel with specialized skills available on short notice. MPRI also assisted with the US supported invasions of Rwanda in 1994, Zaire in 1996, and then Congo (formerly Zaire) in 1998. MPRI’s support for the government of Equatorial Guinea helps to shield the ruthlessness and brutality that has occurred in gross violation of Guineans’ basic human rights over the past few decades. See Wayne Madsen, Genocide and Covert Operations in Africa, 1993-1999, Mellen Books, 1999: 170-173.

[124] Annual Report, MPRI, 2002; Madsen, Genocide and Covert Operations in Africa, 1993-1999, 1999.

[125] Wayne Madsen, Genocide and Covert Operations in Africa, 1993-1999, Mellen Books, 1999: 170-173.

[126] See U.S. Department of Defense, Atmospheric Radiation Measurement-Unmanned Aerospace Vehicle (ARM-UAV) Program; see also University of Massachusetts, Microwave Remote Sensing Laboratory (MIRSL) work in support of the ARM-UAV program < www.esc.umass.edu/ece/labs/mirsl/CAMRAD/intro >.

[127] Peter Pilewskie, et al, ERAST – Measurement of Solar Spectral Irradiance on Unmanned Aerial Vehicles, Spring 1999, < www.geo.arc.nasa.gov/sgp/radiation/rad1.html >.

[128] “New Unmanned Earth Science Platform to be Developed Under NASA ERAST PROGRAM,” Press Release, General Atomics, January 19, 2000.

[129] < http://sheba.gpl.washington.edu/ >

[130] University of Massachusetts, MIRSL, < www.esc.umass.edu/ece/labs/mirsl/CAMRAD/intro >.

[131] Danaher Corporation, Annual Report 1999, < www.danaher.com/htm/investor/annual99/mngdir.html >.

[132] See: U.S. DOE, Human Radiation Experiments, DOE docs: DOE/EH-0491 (February 1995) and DOE/EH-0445 (July 1995).

[133] Tom Standage, “Activate Cloud Shield! Zap a Twister!” Wired,

[134] SPAWAR: < www.spawar.navy.mil >

[135] A U.S. Air Force biography at www.af.mil/news/biographies/agee_fj.html

[136] Technical Research Corporation, < http://www.geocities.com/CapeCanaveral/Cockpit/2154/ >.

[137] For more on the organized crime of the gold, diamond, petroleum and forest cartels, and their links to the Executive Branch of the U.S. Government, see Wayne Madsen, Genocide and Covert Operations in Africa, 1993-1999, Mellen Books, 1999, p. 82; keith harmon snow, “Hidden Agendas and the Western Press: Central Africa,” The Voice News, January 4, 2002 (www.thevoicenews.com); and keith harmon snow, “The Matrix: Depopulation and Perception Management -- Part Two: Central Africa,” Voice, Northampton, MA, April/May 2001.

[138] See 1996 Annual Report, The Chase Manhattan Corporation; Media Studies Journal, Vol. 14, No. 2, spring/Summer 2000; Forbes Magazine.

[139] Wayne Madsen, Genocide and Covert Operations in Africa, 1993-1999, Mellen Press, 1999: 340-341.

[140] See Federal Trade Commission, Docket No. C-3790, < http://www.ftc.gov/os/1998/9804/9810081.cmp.htm >.

[141] Wayne Madsen, Genocide and Covert Operations in Africa, 1993-1999, Mellen Press, 1999: 117.

[142] op sit, Madsen, 117.

[143] Milhollin & Edensword, “Iraq’s Bomb, Chip by Chip,” New York Times, April 24, 1992, p. A35.

[144] See < http://www.va.afrl.af.mil/FA/focus_areas_index.html > ; also AFMC, Leading Edge., October 2002. Volume 44, No. 10.

[145] Africa Confidential, Vol. 43, No. 21, December 2002.

[146] BAE Systems Press Release, 2003.

[147] Robin McKie, ‘scientists Switch to Warp Device..,” Guardian, January 7, 2001.

[148] “AER Files Patent for Next Generation Radiative Transfer…” Press Release, AER Inc., May 12, 2000.

[149] SPAWAR: < www.spawar.navy.mil >

[150] “AER Selected for Algorithm Development on $73M Weather Satellite Contract,” Press Release, Sept. 13, 1999.

[151] Dr. Bernard J. Eastlund, “Mesoscale Diagnostic Requirements for the Thunderstorm Soalr Power Satellite Concept,” Proceedings of the 2^nd Conference in the Applications of Remote Sensing and GIS for Disaster Management, January 19-21, 1999, George Washington University, sponsored by NASA and FEMA.

[152] Dr. Bernard J. Eastlund, “Mesoscale Diagnostic Requirements for the Thunderstorm Soalr Power Satellite Concept,” Proceedings of the 2^nd Conference in the Applications of Remote Sensing and GIS for Disaster Management, January 19-21, 1999, George Washington University, sponsored by NASA and FEMA.

[153] Ray Reece, The Sun Betrayed: A Report on the Corporate Seizure of U.S. Solar Energy, South End Press, 1979.

[154] Dr. Bernard J. Eastlund, ‘systems Considerations of Weather Modifications Experiments Using High Power Electromagnetic Radiation,” Proceedings of Workshop on Space Exploration and Resource Exploitation, EXPLOSPACE, October 1998.

[155] Dr. Bernard J. Eastlund, ‘systems Considerations of Weather Modifications Experiments Using High Power Electromagnetic Radiation,” Proceedings of Workshop on Space Exploration and Resource Exploitation, EXPLOSPACE, October 1998.

[156] Dr. Bernard J. Eastlund, ‘systems Considerations of Weather Modifications Experiments Using High Power Electromagnetic Radiation,” Proceedings of Workshop on Space Exploration and Resource Exploitation, EXPLOSPACE, October 1998.

[157] Private interview with author, Fall, 2002.

[158] Microwave Remote Sensing of the Global Environment, Microwave Remote Sensing Laboratory, University of Massachusetts, 2002.

[159] Root, Mitchell, and Legendre, “Tactical Oceanography,” Oceanus, Vol. 33, No. 4, 1990/91.

[160] Chesbrough and Pittenger, “Oceanography and the United States Navy,” Oceanus, Vol. 33, No. 4, 1990/91.

[161] Chesbrough and Pittenger, “Oceanography and the United States Navy,” Oceanus, Vol. 33, No. 4, 1990/91.

[162] Winokur and Dorman, “Anti-Submarine Warfare and Naval Oceanography,” Oceanus, Vol. 33, No. 4, 1990/91.

[163] UAV info in this section is from Air Force 2025, < www.au.af.mil/au/2025 >.

[164] UAV information from the document Air Force 2025, < www.au.af.mil/au/2025 >.

[165] See, e.g., William Blum, Killing Hope: U.S. Military and CIA Interventions Since World War II, Common Courage Press, 1995; Noam Chomsky and Edward S. Herman, The Political Economy of Human Rights (Volumes I & II), South End Press, 1979.

[166] Air Force 2025, < www.au.af.mil/au/2025 >.

[167] See The Microwave Remote Sensing Laboratory, < www.ecs.umass.edu/ece/labs/mirsl/collaboration.html >.

[168] Much or most of the research in this section is based on the reports and writings of Dr. Nick Begich and Jeane Manning. Begich and their extensive work on the HAARP project documented in detail in Angels Don”t Play This HAARP: Advances in Tesla Technology, Earthpulse Press, 1996.

[169] See, e.g., < http://www.earthpulse.com/haarp/background.html > and Dr. Nick Begich and Jeane Manning, Angels Don”t Play This HAARP: Advances in Tesla Technology, Earthpulse Press, 1996.

[170] Nick Begich and Jeane Manning, “Vandalism in the Sky,” Nexus Magazine, Vol. 3No. 1,

< www.earthpulse.com/haarp/vandalism.html >.

[171] Dr. Rosalie Bertell, Times of London, Nov. 23, 2000; Rosalie Bertell, Background of the HAARP Program, November 5, 1996, < http://www.globalpolicy.org/socecon/envronmt/weapons.htm >.

[172] Dr. Rosalie Bertell, Times of London, Nov. 23, 2000; Bertell: < www.earthpulse.com/haarp/background.html >.

[173] Nick Begich and Jeane Manning, “Vandalism in the Sky,” Nexus Magazine, Vol. 3No. 1,

< www.earthpulse.com/haarp/vandalism.html >.

[174] Gordon J. F. McDonald, “How to Wreck the Environment,” Unless Peace Comes, 1968.

[175] See further extensive discussion in: Nick Begich and Jeane Manning, “Vandalism in the Sky,” Nexus Magazine, Vol. 3, No. 1, < www.earthpulse.com/haarp/vandalism.html >.

[176] Weather as a Force Multiplier: Owning the Weather in 2025, DOD, August 1996: 9.

[177] Weather as a Force Multiplier: Owning the Weather in 2025, DOD, August 1996: 9.

[178] Citizens Against Chemtrails, June 6, 2001. < www.geocities.com/cactusmailbox/CACTUS.html >.

[179] Personal communication, July 2002.

[180] Bob Fitrakis, When the Army Owns the Weather, < www.alternet.org/story.html?StoryID=12342 >, 02/05/2002. On human radiation experiments see: U.S. DOE, Human Radiation Experiments, DOE docs: DOE/EH-0491 (February 1995) and DOE/EH-0445 (July 1995). On U.S. military opportunities to test secret and futuristic air platforms in the 1950s (confiscated from the Nazi’s rocket science programs), see Ulrich Brunzel, Hitler’s Treasures and Wonder Weapons, Heinrich-Jung-Verlagsgesellschaft mbH, 1997.

[181] On Project MK-Ultra see extensive references in Colby and Dennett, Thy Will Be Done: Nelson Rockefeller and Evangelism in the Age of Oil, HarperCollins, 1995; and Leonard Horowitz, Emerging Viruses: AIDS & Ebola, Tetrahedron, 1996.

[182] Colby & Dennett, Thy Will Be Done: Nelson Rockefeller & Evangelism in the Age of Oil, HarperCollins, 1995.

[183] Colby & Dennett, Thy Will Be Done: Nelson Rockefeller & Evangelism in the Age of Oil, HarperCollins, 1995: 265.

[184] See Bruno Manser Fonds, < www.bmf.ch >; and keith harmon snow, “The Death of Bruno Manser,” The Voice News, December 2002, < www.thevoicenews.com >.

[185] New York Times, July 11, 2001.

[186] The author graduated from the U-Mass / GE Microwave Master’s Program in 1986.

[187] 2001 Annual Report, Raytheon Corporation 2001: 11-15.

[188] Helen Caldicott, The New Nuclear Danger, The New Press, 2002: 30.

[189] Koenig and Pennypacker, The Korean High Altitude Airship Program, Office of Naval Research International Field Office, April 12, 2002.

[190] Korea Aerospace Research Institute (KARI): < http://www.wtec.org/loyola/satcom2/d_04.htm >.

[191] See MIRSL related documentation on the Internet.

[192] See the resume for Bahar Ince at http://www-unix.ecs.umass.edu/~tince .

[193] See Laton McCartney, Friends in High Places: The Bechtel Story, Simon & Schuster, 1988; Eustace Mullins, The World Order: Our Secret Rulers, Ezra Pound Institute of Civilization, 1992.

[194] SAIC information is taken from their Annual Reports 2000, 2001; Proxy Statements; and web site.

[195] See SAIC Proxy Statement 2001.

[196] Wayne Madsen, Genocide and Covert Operations in Africa, 1993-1999, Mellen Press, 1999: 358.

[197] “General Atomics Sells Six LYNX™ RADAR Systems to Army and Air Force,” Press Release, General Atomics, July 22, 2002.

[198] Annual Report 2001, SAIC.

[199] Recall that the Naval Research Laboratory has consistently funded the University of Massachusetts MIRSL labs.

[200] See declassified Corona docs, e.g., Discussion at the NRO Executive Meeting, Memo No.1/A/0062, 1964.

[201] Annual Report, 1996, New York Times Corporation.

[202] World Business Review, < http://www.wbrtv.com/hosts/haig_2.html > February, 2003.

[203] Laton McCartney, Friends in High Places: The Bechtel Story, Simon & Schuster, 1988: 98.

[204] Eustace Mullins, The World Order: Our Secret Rulers, Ezra Pound Institute, 1992: 188.

[205] See Boston Globe, March 12, 2005: p. B8.

[206] John Stockwell, In Search of Enemies, Replica Books, 1978; Colby and Dennett, They Will Be Done: Nelson Rockefeller and Evangelism in the Age of Oil; HarperCollins, 1995.

[207] William Blum, Killing Hope: U.S. Military and CIA Interventions Since World War II, Common Courage, 1995; John Stockwell, In Search of Enemies, Replica Books, 1978; Colby and Dennett, They Will Be Done: Nelson Rockefeller and Evangelism in the Age of Oil; HarperCollins, 1995.

[208] Weather as a Force Multiplier: Owning the Weather in 2025, Department of Defense, August 1996.

[209] Eustace Mullins, The World Order: Our Secret Rulers, Ezra Pound Institute, 1992: 111.

[210] Wayne Madsen, Genocide and Covert Operations in Africa, 1993-1999, Mellen Press, 1999.

[211] Wayne Madsen, Genocide and Covert Operations in Africa, 1993-1999, Mellen Press, 1999.

[212] Northrup Grumman web site, January 2003.

[213] Annual Report, 2001, General Dynamics.

[214] Annual Report, 1996, Asea Brown Baveri.

[215] Helen Caldicott, The New Nuclear Danger, New Press, 2002: 166.

[216] See Annual Report, 1998, Asea Brown Baveri; Helen Cauldicott, The New Nuclear Danger, New Press, 2002.

[217] Bruce Sterling, “ASTROCOP,” WIRED, April 2002.

[218] Wayne Madsen, Genocide and Covert Operations in Africa, 1993-1999, Mellen Press, 1999.

[219] Ray Reece, The Sun Betrayed: A Report on the Corporate Seizure of U.S. Solar Energy Development, South End Press, 1979.

[220] Wayne Madsen, Genocide and Covert Operations in Africa, 1993-1999, Mellen Press, 1999: 371.

[221] Dr. Helen Caldicott, The New Nuclear Danger, The New Press, 2002.

[222] Barry B. Coble, Benign Weather Modification, School of Advanced Airpower Studies, March, 1997: pp. 12-13.

[223] Daniel S. Halacy Jr., The Weather Changers, Harper & Row, 1968.

[224] The power and influence of “greenhouse skeptics” and industry science is well documented. See, e.g., Willet Kempton, James Boster and Jennifer Hartley, Environmental Values in American Culture, MIT Press, 1995; Ross Gelbspan, The Heat Is On: The High Stakes Battle Over the Earth’s Threatened Climate, Addison-Wesley, 1997; Sharon Beder, Global Spin: The Corporate Assault on Environmentalism, Green Books, 1998.

[225] Washington Post, September 12, 1989.

[226] Daniel S. Halacy, The Weather Changers, Harper & Row, 1968: 167, 221.

[227] Michael Perlman, Climatic Mayhem and the Hope of the Earth, American PIE (Public Information on the Environment), Vol. 3, No. 4, Fall 1997, p. 16.

[228] Ross Gelbspan, The Heat Is On: The High Stakes Battle Over the Earth’s Threatened Climate, Addison-Wesley, 1997: p. 139.

[229] Bob MacNamara, “Alaska’s Big Ice Melt,” CBS News (online), late April, 2002.

[230] National Snow and Ice Data Center: “Antarctic Ice Shelf Collapses,” March 16, 2002; “Breakup of Larsen B Ice Shelf,” April 7, 1999, < www.nsidc.org/iceshelves >; “NASA Image Reveals Giant Chip Off Antarctic Ice Block,” NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, March 22, 2001 < www.gsfc.nasa.gov >.

[231] Usha Lee McFarling, “The Arctic Meltdown: Quick Thaw Alarms Natives and Scientists,” Seattle Times, April 15, 2002.

[232] Daniel S. Halacy Jr., The Weather Changers, Harper & Row, 1968: 156.

[233] Fortune magazine, February 1948: p. 109.

[234] Secretary of Defense William S. Cohen: Q&A at the Conference on Terrorism, Weapons of Mass Destruction, and U.S. Strategy, Univ. of Georgia, Athens, Apr. 28, 1997.

[235] Weather as a Force Multiplier: Owning the Weather in 2025, Dept. of Defense, August 1996: 16. < www.au..af.mil/au/2025/volume3/chap15/v3c15-1.htm >.

[236] Colby and Dennett, Thy Will Be Done: Nelson Rockefeller and Evangelism in the Age of Oil, HarperCollins, 1995: 370; 717.

[237] Daniel Ford, The Cult of the Atom, Simon & Schuster, 1982.

[238] W.N. Hess, Weather & Climate Modification, John Wiley & Sons, NOAH, 1974: 201.

[239] Marchetti and Marks, The CIA and the Cult of Intelligence, Alfred A. Knopf , 1974: 334 n.

[240] Colby and Dennett, Thy Will Be Done: Nelson Rockefeller and Evangelism in the Age of Oil, HarperCollins, 1995: 763; Churchill and Van der Wall, Agents of Repression.

[241] Daniel S. Halacy Jr., The Weather Changers, Harper & Row, 1968: 157.

[242] Dr. Helen Caldicott, The New Nuclear Danger, The New Press, 2002.

[243] New York Times, April 24, 2001.

[244] http://www.generalatomics.com/

[245] See: Gavin Mudd, An Updated Expose of General Atomics and Healthgate Resources, June 1999, http://www.sea-us.org.au/pdfs/nukefree/GenAtoms99.pdf ; and Eric Frankowski, “Hot items, hard times,” The Daily Record News Group, 2002 < http://www.longmontfyi.com/cotter/cotter13.htm >.

[246] BIPAC web site: www.bipac.org/about_board.asp

[247] Linden Blue is also a former director of Raytheon, 1982-1984.

[248] Occidental is a very shady corporation with deep intelligence ties to the DIA and CIA: see Wayne Madsen, Genocide and Covert Operations in Africa, 1993-1999, Mellen Books, 1999.

[249] Tyco International has interlocking directorships with Raytheon Company.

[250] Lincoln Laboratories literature online.

[251] Daniel Ford, The Cult of the Atom: Secret Papers of the Atomic Energy Commission, Simon & Schuster, 1982; see also Report to the Congress from the Presidential Commission on Catastrophic Nuclear Accidents, 1989-1990.

[252] Paul Dickson, Think Tanks, Atheneum, 1971.

[253] MITRE Corporation, Annual Report, 2001.

[254] Weather as a Force Multiplier: Owning the Weather in 2025, Department of Defense, August 1996: p. 3;

[255] Dr. Helen Caldicott, The New Nuclear Danger, The New Press, 2002: 26-27.

[256] Dr. Helen Caldicott, The New Nuclear Danger, The New Press, 2002: 26-27.

[257] Brochure, Center for the Defense of Free Enterprise, Center for the Defense of Free Enterprise, (circa 1996).

[258] National Advisory Board, Center for the Defense of Free Enterprise, (circa 1996).